Method of nociceptor differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to the field of stem cell biology, in particular the lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells, which can include, but is not limited to, human embryonic stem cells (hESC), human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), somatic stem cells, cancer stem cells, or any other cell capable of lineage specific differentiation. Specifically described are methods to direct the lineage specific differentiation of hESC and/or hiPSC to nociceptors (i.e. nociceptor cells) using novel culture conditions. The nociceptors made using the methods of the present invention are further contemplated for various uses including, but limited to, use in in vitro drug discovery assays, pain research, and as a therapeutic to reverse disease of, or damage to, the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Further, compositions and methods are provided for producing melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for use in disease modeling.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.15/077,012 filed Mar. 22, 2016, which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/697,274 filed Jan. 22, 2013, which is a nationalphase application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 as a national stage ofInternational Application Serial No PCT/US2011/037179, filed May 19,2011, which claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.61/396,257, filed May 25, 2010, the contents of each of which areincorporated by reference in their entirety, and to each of whichpriority is claimed.

GRANT INFORMATION

This invention was made with government support under grant numberNS066390 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The governmenthas certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The specification further incorporates by reference the Sequence Listingsubmitted herewith via EFS on Jun. 21, 2018. Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.52(e)(5), the Sequence Listing text file, identified as0727340741SEQ.txt, is 14,444 bytes and was created on Jun. 21, 2018. TheSequence Listing, electronically filed herewith, does not extend beyondthe scope of the specification and thus does not contain new matter.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of stem cell biology, inparticular the lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent ormultipotent stem cells, which can include, but is not limited to, humanembryonic stem cells (hESC), human induced pluripotent stem cells(hiPSC), somatic stem cells, cancer stem cells, or any other cellcapable of lineage specific differentiation. Specifically described aremethods to direct the lineage specific differentiation of hESC and/orhiPSC to nociceptors (i.e. nociceptor cells) using novel cultureconditions. The nociceptors made using the methods of the presentinvention are further contemplated for various uses including, butlimited to, use in in vitro drug discovery assays, pain research, and asa therapeutic to reverse disease of, or damage to, the peripheralnervous system (PNS). Further, compositions and methods are provided forproducing melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for use indisease modeling.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Embryonic and somatic stem cells have the ability to differentiate intoany cell type; they are therefore uniquely suited for cell replacementtherapies for diseases which ravish, or damage/injury to, a defined cellpopulation. Beyond their direct therapeutic value, lineage specificdifferentiated stem cells are also valuable research tools for a varietyof purposes including in vitro screening assays to identify, confirm,test for specification or delivery of therapeutic molecules to treatlineage specific disease, further elucidation of the complex mechanismsof cell lineage specification and differentiation, and identifyingcritical biochemical differences between normal and diseased or damagedstates which can be further contemplated for use as diagnostic orprognostic markers.

The power of embryonic and somatic stem cells as therapeutics and modelsystems for neurodegenerative diseases has been well explored. However,much of the research and technological developments relating to directeddifferentiation of embryonic and somatic stem cells has taken place inthe field of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such asHuntington's, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. There isa current lack of knowledge relating to the directed differentiation ofembryonic and somatic stem cells toward lineages of the peripheralnervous system (PNS). The PNS is comprised of the somatic nervoussystem, which coordinates muscular-skeletal control and sensation ofexternal stimuli, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulatesinner organ function such as heartbeat and respiration. There aremultiple diseases of the PNS including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,Gillian Bane Syndrome, and Hirschsprung's disease. Diseases ofperipheral sensory neurons of the PNS are of particular societal burdenbecause they result in severe pain or failure to respond to noxiousstimuli causing injury and include diseases such as FamilialDysautonomia, congenital insensitivity to pain, diabetic neuropathies,and damage due to infections of Varicella or herpes zoster.

Understanding the pathology of peripheral sensory neuron diseases, aswell as development of treatment modalities, is hindered by thedifficulties in obtaining human peripheral sensory neurons; currentmethods are limited to manual isolation from 3-5 week old human embryosor rare surgical procedures. The directed differentiation of embryonicstem cells or somatic stem cells into specified peripheral sensoryneurons, in particular nociceptors which are the pain sensing peripheralsensory neurons, would be an ideal reproducible source of such cells forboth research and therapeutic application. Recent attempts to produceperipheral sensory neurons from neuronal intermediates derived fromembryonic stem cells have been made. However, these techniques arelimited by the need for a neuronal intermediate, co-culture with murinestromal cells, length of time to derive such peripheral sensory neurons,low yield, impure populations of cells containing mixed neuronal types,limited survival and poor characterization of PNS generated neurons.Therefore there is a need in the art for a method to produce peripheralsensory neurons, in particular nociceptors, directly from embryonic orsomatic stem cells without the use of contaminating murine stromal cellswith increased purity and yield.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of stem cell biology, inparticular the lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent ormultipotent stem cells, which can include, but is not limited to, humanembryonic stem cells (hESC), human induced pluripotent stem cells(hiPSC), somatic stem cells, cancer stem cells, or any other cellcapable of lineage specific differentiation. Specifically described aremethods to direct the lineage specific differentiation of hESC and/orhiPSC to nociceptors (i.e. nociceptor cells) using novel cultureconditions. The nociceptors made using the methods of the presentinvention are further contemplated for various uses including, butlimited to, use in in vitro drug discovery assays, pain research, and asa therapeutic to reverse disease of, or damage to, the peripheralnervous system (PNS). Further, compositions and methods are provided forproducing melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for use indisease modeling.

It is an object of the present invention to overcome the limitationsand/or mitigate the deficiencies in the field. In one embodiment, thepresent invention provides a method of producing nociceptors comprisingi) obtaining stem cells (for example, hESCs, hiPSCs, somatic stem cells,cancer stem cells, human or mammalian pluripotent cells, etc.); ii)culturing said stem cell under conditions that inhibit dual SMADsignaling; and iii) further culturing said cells under conditions whichinhibit FGF and Notch signaling and activate Wnt signaling. As usedherein, the term “inhibit” or “block” means a reduction in the level ofactivity of a particular signaling pathway of a cell upon treatment witha compound (i.e. an inhibitor) compared to the activity of saidsignaling pathway of a cell that is left untreated with such compound ortreated with a control. As used herein, the term “activate” means anincrease in the level of activity of a particular signaling pathway of acell upon treatment with a compound (i.e. an activator) compared to theactivity of said signaling pathway of a cell that is left untreated withsuch compound or treated with a control. Any level of inhibition oractivation of a particular signaling pathway is considered an embodimentof the invention if such inhibition or activation results in thedirected differentiation of a stem cell. In one embodiment, the methodsfor culture include conditions for a feeder-free system. In oneembodiment, the stem cells are cultured in a monolayer. In a preferredembodiment the method for culture contemplates the use of media thatcontains the compounds SB431542, LDN1933189, SU5402, CHIR99021, andDAPT. In one embodiment, the differentiated cell is at least 10% up to100% of the population of the cultured cells. In one embodiment, thedifferentiated cell expresses one or more markers from the groupcomprising ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1, and NTRK1. In one embodiment,expression of said marker(s) is expressed in at least 10% up to 100% ofthe population of the cultured cells. In a preferred embodiment, thedifferentiated cell is a nociceptor. In a preferred embodiment, the stemcell is a hESC or a hiPSC.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising i) afirst inhibitor, or combination of inhibitors, that blocks both SMADsignaling and TGF.beta./Activin-Nodal signaling; ii) a second inhibitorthat blocks FGF signaling; iii) a third inhibitor that blocks Notchsignaling; and iv) an activator of Wnt signaling. In one embodiment, thefirst inhibitor(s) is/are selected from the group comprising LDN193189and SB431542, a combination thereof and mixture thereof. In oneembodiment, the second inhibitor comprises SU5402 and derivativesthereof. In one embodiment, the third inhibitor comprises of DAPT andderivatives thereof. In one embodiment, an activator comprises CHIR99021and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the kit further comprises ahuman stem cell. In one embodiment, the kit further providesinstructions to practice the present invention.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a kit comprising i) a firstinhibitor, or combination of inhibitors, that blocks both SMAD signalingand TGF.beta./Activin-Nodal signaling; ii) a second inhibitor thatblocks FGF signaling; iii) a third inhibitor that blocks Notchsignaling; and iv) an activator of Wnt signaling. In one embodiment,said first inhibitor(s) is selected from the group comprising SB431542,LDN193189, combination thereof and mixture thereof. In one embodiment,said second inhibitor comprises SU5402 and derivatives thereof. In oneembodiment, said third inhibitor comprises DAPT and derivatives thereof.In one embodiment, said activator comprises CHIR99021 and derivativesthereof. In one embodiment, said kit further comprises instructions. Inone embodiment, said kit further comprises a human stem cell. In oneembodiment, said human stem cell is a human embryonic stem cell. In oneembodiment, said human stem cell is a human induced pluripotent stemcell.

The present invention further contemplates methods for assessing theperipheral sensory neuronal subtype of the differentiated stem cells.Certain embodiments of this method can utilize microscopic analysis,functional assays, measurement of expression or downregulation ofmarkers associated with particular lineages. In a preferred embodiment,the method comprises of measuring markers associated with nociceptorspecification selected from the group comprising ISL1, BRN3A, RET,RUNX1, and NTRK1.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for inducing directeddifferentiation of a stem cell, comprising a) providing: i) a cellculture comprising human stem cells ii) a first a first inhibitor, orcombination of inhibitors, that blocks both SMAD signaling andTGFβ/Activin-Nodal signaling; iii) a second inhibitor that blocks FGFsignaling; iv) a third inhibitor that blocks Notch signaling; and v) anactivator of Wnt signaling, b) contacting said stem cell with said firsta first inhibitor, or combination of inhibitors, that blocks both SMADsignaling and TGFβ/Activin-Nodal signaling for 0-48H (more typically1-48 hours) in vitro, and c) further contacting said stem cell with asecond inhibitor that blocks FGF signaling; a third inhibitor thatblocks Notch signaling; and an activator of Wnt signaling for up to anadditional 192 hours (or even up to 240 hours). In one embodiment, saidfirst inhibitor(s) is selected from the group comprising SB431542,LDN193189, combination thereof and mixture thereof. In one embodiment,said second inhibitor comprises SU5402 and derivatives thereof. In oneembodiment, said third inhibitor comprises DAPT and derivatives thereof.In one embodiment, said activator comprises CHIR99021 and derivativesthereof. In one embodiment, said stem cell is a human embryonic stemcell. In one embodiment, said stem cell is a human induced pluripotentstem cell. In one embodiment, said differentiated cell is a neuronalcell. In one embodiment, said neuronal cell is a nociceptor. In oneembodiment, said differentiated cell expresses one or marker(s) from thegroup comprising ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1, and NTRK1. In one embodiment,said differentiated cell responds to external stimuli.

The present invention further contemplates uses of the nociceptorsgenerated by a method of the present invention. In one embodiment, thenociceptors are used in in vitro assays to identify compounds that canbe used as anti-pain therapeutics. In one embodiment, the nociceptorsare used to study the function of nociceptors. In one embodiment, thenociceptors are used as an in vive cell replacement therapy in an animalsuffering from, or at risk for, damage or disease of the PNS.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of screeningbiological agents, comprising, a) providing: i) a nociceptor, and ii) atest compound b) contacting said nociceptor with said test compound andmeasuring activation or inhibition of nociceptor function. In oneembodiment, said nociceptor is derived from a human stem cell.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a kit comprising a firstsignaling inhibitor, a second signaling inhibitor and a third signalinginhibitor, wherein said first inhibitor is capable of loweringtransforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodal signaling, saidsecond inhibitor is capable of lowering Small Mothers AgainstDecapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling and said third inhibitor is capable oflowering glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) for activation of wingless(Wnt) signaling. In one embodiment, said first inhibitor is a smallmolecule selected from the group consisting of SB431542, derivativesthereof and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, said second inhibitoris a small molecule selected from the group consisting of LDN193189,derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, said thirdinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of CHIR99021 andderivatives thereof. In one embodiment, said kit further comprises afourth inhibitor that lowers fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptorfamily signaling, wherein said FGF receptor family signaling comprisesvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, fibroblast growthfactor (FGF) receptors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)tyrosine kinase receptors. In one embodiment, said fourth inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of SU5402 and derivatives thereof. Inone embodiment, said kit further comprises a fifth inhibitor capable oflowering Notch signaling. In one embodiment, said fifth inhibitor isselected from the group consisting ofN—[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester(DAPT) and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, said kit furthercomprises antibodies used for the detection of expression of protein(s)selected from the group consisting of nestin, OCT4, PAX6, TUJ1, SOX10,NTRK1, ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), NEUROG2, NECROG1, MAP2, OTX2, DLK1, DKK1,CUZD1, MSX1, ID2, AP2B, ETS1, FOXD3, NGN1, DCX, TUBB3, SYT4, STMN2, INA,GAP43, TAC1, VGLUT2, SLC15A3, and TRPV1. In one embodiment, said kitfurther comprises PCR primers for the detection of mRNA expression ofgenes selected from the group consisting of nestin, OCT4, PAX6, TUJ1,SOX10, NTRK1, ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), NEUROG2, NEUROG1, MAP2, OTX2, DLK1,DKK1, CUZD1, MSX1, ID2, AP2B, ETS1, FOXD3, NGN1, DCX, TUBB3, SYT4,STMN2, INA, GAP43, TAC1, VGLUT2, SLC15A3, and TRPV1. In one embodiment,said kit further comprises antibodies used for the detection ofexpression of protein(s) selected from the group consisting ofProtachykinin-1 (TAC1), vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) andsolute carrier family 15, member 3 (SLC15A3). In one embodiment, saidkit further comprises PCR primers for the detection of mRNA expressionof genes selected from the group consisting of Protachykinin-1 (TAC1),vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) and solute carrier family 15,member 3 (SLC15A3). In one embodiment, said kit further comprisesinstructions comprising steps for adding the first and second inhibitortwo days before adding the third inhibitor. In one embodiment, said kitfurther comprises instructions comprising steps for adding the first andsecond inhibitor two days before adding a combination of said thirdinhibitor, said fourth inhibitor and said fifth inhibitor. In oneembodiment, said kit further comprises instructions comprising steps fordaily feedings of said inhibitors in order on Days 0-10. In oneembodiment, said kit further comprises instructions comprising steps formaking neural stem cell precursors and making nociceptor cells. In oneembodiment, said kit further comprises a human stem cell. In oneembodiment, said human stem cell is a human embryonic stem cell. In oneembodiment, said human stem cell is a human induced pluripotent stemcell. In one embodiment, said human stem cell is a transgenic SOX10::GFPbacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) human pluripotent stem cell(hPSC).

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for inducing directeddifferentiation of a stem cell, comprising a) providing: i) a cellculture comprising human stem cells; and ii) a first signalinginhibitor, a second signaling inhibitor and a third signaling inhibitor,wherein said first inhibitor is capable of lowering transforming growthfactor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodal signaling, said second inhibitor iscapable of lowering Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMAD)signaling and said third inhibitor is capable of lowering glycogensynthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) for activation of wingless (Wnt) signaling;b) contacting said stem cell with said first and said second inhibitorfor up to 48 (or even up to 96) hours in vitro; and c) furthercontacting said inhibited stem cell with said third inhibitor for up toan additional 192 hours (or even up to 240 hours) for inducing directeddifferentiation of a stem cell, wherein said differentiated stem cell isselected from the group consisting of a neural crest stem cell, a neuralcrest lineage cell and a neuronal lineage cell. In one embodiment, saidfirst inhibitor is a small molecule selected from the group consistingof SB431542, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. In oneembodiment, said second inhibitor is a small molecule selected from thegroup consisting of LDN193189, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof.In one embodiment, said third inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of CHIR99021 and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, saidkit further comprises a fourth inhibitor that lowers fibroblast growthfactor (FGF) receptor family signaling, wherein said FGF receptor familysignaling comprises vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors,fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors and platelet-derived growthfactor (PDGF) tyrosine kinase receptors. In one embodiment, said fourthinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of SU5402 andderivatives thereof. In one embodiment, said kit further comprises afifth inhibitor capable of lowering Notch signaling. In one embodiment,said fifth inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofN—[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester(DAPT) and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, said kit furthercomprises a fourth inhibitor and a fifth inhibitor, wherein said fourthinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of SU5402 andderivatives thereof, wherein said fifth inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting ofN—[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester(DAPT) and derivatives thereof for directed differentiated of a neuronallineage cell into a peptidergic nociceptor cell. In one embodiment, saidpeptidergic nociceptor cell expresses a marker selected from the groupconsisting of OCT4, DLK1, PAX6, SOX10, POU4F1 (BRN3A), ISL1, NEUROG2,NEUROG1, NTRK1, RET, RUNX1, VGLUT2, TAC1, and TRPV1. In one embodiment,said peptidergic nociceptor cell expresses a marker selected from thegroup consisting of ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), RET, RUNX1, and NTRK1. In oneembodiment, said marker is selected from the group consisting of aprotein and a nucleic acid. In one embodiment, said peptidergicnociceptor cell co-expresses Substance P and Calcitonin gene relatedpeptide (CGRP). In one embodiment, said peptidergic nociceptor cellproduces an action potential in response to external stimuli, whereinsaid external stimuli is an electrical current. In one embodiment, saiddifferentiated peptidergic nociceptor cell is present within a highlyenriched populations of neurons within 8 to 18 days and more typically10-15 days after contacting said stem cell with said first and saidsecond inhibitor. In one embodiment, said stem cell is a human embryonicstem cell. In one embodiment, said stem cell is a human inducedpluripotent stem cell.

In one embodiment, the invention provides method of screening abiological agent in vitro, comprising, a) providing: i) a nociceptorcell derived in vitro from directed differentiation of a stem cell; andii) a test compound; and b) contacting said nociceptor cell with saidtest compound and measuring nociceptor function, wherein said functionis measurement of an action potential. In one embodiment, saidnociceptor cell is derived from a human stem cell.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a kit for directeddifferentiation of a melanocyte.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for directeddifferentiation of a melanocyte.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for providingmelanocyte lineage cell populations.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for providing maturemelanocyte cell populations.

Definitions

As used herein, the term “kit” refers to any delivery system fordelivering materials. In the context of cell differentiation, a kit mayrefer to a combination of materials for contacting stem cells, suchdelivery systems include systems that allow for the storage, transport,or delivery of reaction reagents (e.g., compounds, proteins, detectionagents (such as PAX6 antibodies), etc. in the appropriate containers(such as tubes, etc.) and/or supporting materials (e.g., buffers,written instructions for performing cell differentiation, etc.) from onelocation to another. For example, kits include one or more enclosures(e.g., boxes, or bags, test tubes, Eppendorf tubes, capillary tubes,multiwell plates, and the like) containing relevant reaction reagentsfor inhibiting signaling pathways, for example, an inhibitor forlowering transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodal signaling,such as SB431542 (or a SB431542 replacement), and the like, an inhibitorfor lowering SMAD signaling. LDN-193189 (or a LDN-193189 replacement),and the like, an inhibitor for lowering glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β), for one example, for repressed signaling of β-catenin, foractivation of wingless (Wnt or Wnts) signaling otherwise known as a WNTsignaling activator (WNT agonist), such as CHIR99021 (or a CHIR99021replacement), etc.), and the like, an inhibitor of FGF family receptorsignaling, including lowering fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptorfamily signaling, wherein said FGF receptor family signaling comprisesvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, fibroblast growthfactor (FGF) receptors, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)tyrosine kinase receptor signaling, such as SU5402 (or a SU5402replacement), and the like, an inhibitor of Notch signaling, such asDAPT (or a DAPT replacement), and the like, and/or supporting materials.The reagents in the kit in one embodiment may be in solution, may befrozen, or may be lyophilized. The reagents in the kit in one embodimentmay be in individual containers or provided as specific comminations,such as a combination of LSB, 3i, CHR, Mel reagents, and the like.

As used herein, the term “signaling” in reference to a “signaltransduction protein” refers to proteins that are activated or otherwiseaffected by ligand binding to a membrane receptor protein or some otherstimulus. Examples of signal transduction protein include a SMAD, a WNTcomplex protein, including beta-catenin, NOTCH, transforming growthfactor beta (TGFβ), Activin. Nodal and glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β) proteins. For many cell surface receptors or internal receptorproteins, ligand-receptor interactions are not directly linked to thecell's response. The ligand activated receptor must first interact withother proteins inside the cell before the ultimate physiological effectof the ligand on the cell's behavior is produced. Often, the behavior ofa chain of several interacting cell proteins is altered followingreceptor activation or inhibition. The entire set of cell changesinduced by receptor activation is called a signal transduction mechanismor signaling pathway.

As used herein, the term “NOTCH” refers to a signaling pathwayrepresented by at least five ligands, (for example, termed Jagged-1, -2,and Delta-like (Dll)-1, -3, and -4) that bind to one or more of at leastfour Notch receptors (termed Notch-1, -2, -3, and -4). Notch signalingis initiated by a receptor-ligand interaction resulting in at least oneproteolytic cleavage by TACE (TNF-alpha-converting enzyme) and/or agamma-secretase/presenilin complex. This proteolytic cleavage results inthe release of an intracellular domain protein (N^(IC), the functionallyactive form of Notch), which translocates to the nucleus and binds CBF-1(also termed CSL or RBP-Jkappa), a DNA-binding protein. binding ofN^(IC) to CBF-1 displaces the repressor complex and recruits nuclearcoactivators such as MAML1 and histone acetyltransferases convertingCBF-1 into a transcriptional activator. CBF-1/Notch interactions resultin the expression of various target genes including Hes (Hairy/Enhancerof Split), Hcy (Hairy/Enhancer of Split related with YRPW (also known asHesR, HRT, HERP, CHF, and gridlock)), NF-kappaB, and PPAR families oftranscription factors, and cell cycle regulators such as p21^(CIP1-WAF1)and cyclin D, as one example. Hes (including Hes-1) and Hey (includingHey1 and Hey2) family members are examples of transcription factors thatare direct downstream targets of Notch activation. Given the complexityof the Notch signaling pathway, it is understandably difficult topredict the outcome of Notch activation or inhibition. Not only arethere multiple Notch receptors and ligands (each with a uniqueexpression pattern), but the large number of target genes and potentialcrosstalk between Notch and other signaling cascades further complicatethe system.

As used herein, the term “signals” refer to internal and externalfactors that control changes in cell structure and function. They arechemical or physical in nature.

As used herein, the term “ligand” refers to molecules and proteins thathind to receptors (R), examples include but are not limited totransforming growth factor-beta, activins, nodal, bone morphogenicproteins (BMPs), etc.

As used herein, the term “inhibitor” in reference to inhibiting asignaling molecule or a signaling molecule's pathway a “signalinginhibitor”, such as an inhibitor of SMAD signaling, refers to a compoundor molecule (e.g., small molecule, peptide, peptidomimetic, naturalcompound, siRNA, anti sense nucleic acid, aptamer, or antibody) thatinterferes with (i.e. reduces or suppresses or eliminates or blocks) thesignaling function of the molecule or pathway. In other words, aninhibitor is any compound or molecule that changes any activity of anamed protein (signaling molecule, any molecule involved with the namedsignaling molecule, a named associated molecule, such as a glycogensynthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)) (e.g., including, but not limited to, thesignaling molecules described herein), for one example, via directlycontacting SMAD signaling, contacting SMAD mRNA, causing conformationalchanges of SMAD, decreasing SMAD protein levels, or interfering withSMAD interactions with signaling partners (e.g., including thosedescribed herein), and affecting the expression of SMAD target genes(e.g. those described herein). Inhibitors also include molecules thatindirectly regulate SMAD biological activity by intercepting upstreamsignaling molecules (e.g. Within the extracellular domain, examples of asignaling molecule and an effect include: Noggin which sequesters bonemorphogenic proteins, inhibiting activation of ALK receptors 1, 2, 3,and 6, thus preventing downstream SMAD activation. Likewise, Chordin,Cerberus, Follistatin, similarly sequester extracellular activators ofSMAD signaling. Bambi, a transmembrane protein, also acts as apseudo-receptor to sequester extracellular TGFb signaling molecules.Antibodies that block activins, nodal, TGFb, and BMPs are contemplatedfor use to neutralize extracellular activators of SMAD signaling, andthe like). Thus in one embodiment, an inhibitor of the presentinventions induces (changes) or alters differentiation from a default toa non-default cell type, for example, one of the methods of the presentinventions comprising at least 3 inhibitors that produced a non-defaultneural progenitor cell. In a preferred embodiment, an inhibitor of thepresent inventions “alters” or “lowers” or “blocks” default signaling inorder to direct cellular differentiation towards a nondefault cell type,such as described herein for producing nociceptor cells of the presentinventions. Thus, an inhibitor of the present inventions is a naturalcompound or small molecule for increased or decreased signal moleculeactivity that assists in producing nociceptor cells of the presentinventions. Inhibitors are described in terms of competitive inhibition(binds to the active site in a manner as to exclude or reduce thebinding of another known binding compound) and allosteric inhibition(binds to a protein in a manner to change the protein conformation in amanner which interferes with binding of a compound to that protein'sactive site) in addition to inhibition induced by binding to andaffecting a molecule upstream from the named signaling molecule that inturn causes inhibition of the named molecule. In some cases, aninhibitor is referred to as a “direct inhibitor” which refers toinhibiting a signaling target or a signaling target pathway by actuallycontacting the signaling target; for example, a direct inhibitor of agamma secretase is a DAPT molecule that binds to the gamma secretaseprotein. Exemplary direct inhibitors include but are not limited to:lidocaine, myricitrin, chronic capsaicin, camphor, amiloride,capsazepine, linopirdine, and most local anesthetics that block generalnerve function.

As used herein, the term “extracellular signaling influences” refers tothe effect that extracellular signaling molecules (e.g., test agentssuch as small molecules described herein, pharmaceutical agents, ligandsto a receptor, cytokines, chemokines, soluble factors, adhesionmolecules, or other signaling molecules) have on a cell (e.g., aeukaryotic cell). In some embodiments, extracellular signaling reducessignaling activity, such as SMAD activity, alters SMAD activationkinetics, or alters SMAD target gene expression pattern.

As used herein, the term “Sma Mothers Against Decapentaplegic” or “SmallMothers Against Decapentaplegic” or “SMAD” refers to a signalingmolecule.

As used herein, the term “activator” “activating” refers to compoundsfor activating molecules resulting in directed differentiation of cellsof the present inventions. Exemplary activators include but are notlimited to: noxious heat/cold, mechanical stimulation, chemical stimuli(menthol, piperine, acute capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, bradykinin, ATP,prostaglandins, inflammatory cytokines, acidic saline, fibroblast growthfactor (FGF), etc).

As used herein, the term “LSB” refers to a combination of two compoundsLDN-193189 and SB431542 capable of lowering or blocking signalingconsisting of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodalsignaling and Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling ina cell.

As used herein, the term “SB431542” refers to a molecule capable oflowering or blocking transforming growth factor beta(TGFβ)/Activin-Nodal signaling with a number CAS 301836-41-9, amolecular formula of C₂₂H₁₈N₂O₂, and a name of4-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-(2-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-benzamide,for example, see structure below:

As used herein, the term “LDN193189” refers to a small molecule DM-3189,IUPAC name4-(6-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)quinoline,with a chemical formula of C₂₅H₂₂N₆. LDN193189 is capable of functioningas a SMAD signaling inhibitor. LDN193189 is also highly potentsmall-molecule inhibitor of ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6, protein tyrosinekinases (PTK), inhibiting signaling of members of the ALK1 and ALK3families of type 1 TGFβ receptors, resulting in the inhibition of thetransmission of multiple biological signals, including the bonemorphogenetic proteins (BMP) BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and Activincytokine signals and subsequently SMAD phosphorylation of Smad1, Smad5,and Smad8 (Yu et al. (2008) Nat Med 14:1363-1369; Cuny et al. (2008)Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18: 4388-4392, herein incorporated byreference).

As used herein, the term “Dorsomorphin” refers to a molecule with anumber CAS 866405-64-3, a molecular formula C₂₄H₂₅N₅O and a name of6-[4-[2-(1-Piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-3-(4-pyridinyl)-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidinedihydrochloride, for example, see structure below.

As used herein, the term “LSB/C” or “LSB-C” refers to a combination oftwo compounds, such as LDN-193189 and SB431542, which are capable ofcombined lowering or blocking of signaling consisting of transforminggrowth factor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodal signaling and Small MothersAgainst Decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling of a cell, in addition to aglycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitor that acts as a WNT agonist, forexample, CHIR99021.

As used herein, the term “glycogen synthase kinase 30 inhibitor” or“GSK3β inhibitor” refers to a compound that inhibits a glycogen synthasekinase 3β enzyme, for example, see. Doble, et al., J Cell Sci. 2003;116:1175 1186, herein incorporated by reference. For the purposes of thepresent inventions, a GSK30 inhibitor is capable of activating a WNTsignalling pathway, see, for example, Cadigan, et al., J Cell Sci. 2006;119:395-402; Kikuchi, et al., Cell Signalling. 2007; 19:659-671, hereinincorporated by reference.

As used herein, the term “CHIR99021” or “aminopyrimidine” or“3-[3-(2-Carboxyethyl)-4-methylpyrrol-2-methylidenyl]-2-indolinone”refers to IUPAC name6-(2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)ethylamino)nicotinonitrile,CT99021 is one example of a small-molecule chemical inhibitor ofglycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)/activating a WNT signalling pathway,and is highly selective, showing nearly zthousandfold selectivityagainst a panel of related and unrelated kinases, with an IC₅₀—6.7 nMagainst human GSK3β and nanomolar IC₅₀ values against rodent GSK3βhomologs.

As used herein, the term “the three inhibitors” or “3i” refers to acombination of three small molecules CHIR99021, SU5402, and DAPT. Inother embodiments, the three inhibitors refer to a combination of threecompounds (i.e. small molecules) capable of combined inhibition ofglycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)/activator of WNT signaling (i.e. WNTagonist), a NOTCH signaling inhibitor, i.e. a γ-secretase inhibitorcapable of lowering NOTCH signaling and fibroblast growth factorreceptor (i.e. an indolinone derivative is an example of a fibroblastgrowth factor receptor inhibitor).

As used herein, the term “Notch inhibitor” or “Notch signalinginhibitor” refers to any compound that has the capability of inhibitingNotch activation, such as DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI), forexample, a tripeptide aldehyde inhibitor, a γ-secretase inhibitor XII,and a peptidomimetic inhibitor (LY-411,575).

As used herein, the term “gamma secretase inhibitor” or “GSI” refer to anovel class of agents which prevent the generation of the active domainof a Notch molecules resulting in suppressing downstream Notchsignaling.

As used herein, the term “γ-secretase inhibitor” refers to a compoundthat has the capability of inhibiting γ-secretase, a multi-subunittransmembrane protease. One example of a target (i.e. substrate) for aγ-secretase, for example, is Notch signaling, other γ-secretasesubstrates include low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-relatedprotein, E-cadherin and ErbB-4. A γ-secretase inhibitor, such as DAPT,γ-secretase inhibitor XII, will therefore block the proteolysis of suchγ-secretase substrate(s) including NOTCH.

As used herein, the term “DAPT” refers to one example of a γ-secretaseinhibitor that inhibits NOTCH which is described as a dipeptidicγ-secretase-specific inhibitor otherwise known asN-[(3,5-Difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanyl-2-phenyl]glycine-1,1-dimethylethylester; LY-374973,N-L[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester;N—[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester;with a chemical formula of C₂₃H₂₆F₂N₂O₄.

One example of a DAPT derivative is DAP-BpB(N—[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl]-(S)-phenylglycine-4-(4-(8-biotinamido)octylamino)benzoyl)benzyl)methylamide),a photoactivable DAPT derivative.

As used herein, the term “fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor”or “FGFR inhibitor” refers to a small molecule such as SU5402, PD173074, and the like. One example of an FGFR inhibitor is the indolinonederivative SU5402, exemplary structure shown below.

As used herein, the term “SU5402” refers to a small molecule with achemical formula of C₁₇H₁₆N₂O₃ and chemical name:2-[(1,2-Dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoicacid (Sun et at (1999) Design, synthesis and evaluations of substituted3-[(3- or 4-carboxyethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidenyl]indolin-2-ones asinhibitors of VEFG, FGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases. J. Med.Chem. 42 5120; Paterson et al (2004) Preclinical studies of fibroblastgrowth factor receptor 3 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.Br. J. Haematol. 124 595; Tanaka et al (2005) FGF-induced vesicularrelease of sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid in leftward nodal flow iscritical for left-right determination. Nature 435:172, hereinincorporated by reference).

As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to a chemical compound witha similar core structure.

As used herein, the term “WNT” or “wingless” in reference to a ligandrefers to a group of secreted proteins (i.e. Int1 (integration 1) inhumans) capable of interacting with a WNT receptor, such as a receptorin the Frizzled and LRPDerailed/RYK receptor family,

As used herein, the term “WNT” or “wingless” in reference to a signalingpathway refers to a signal pathway composed of Wnt family ligands andWnt family receptors, such as Frizzled and LRPDerailed/RYK receptors,mediated with or without β-catenin. For the purposes described herein, apreferred WNT signaling pathway includes mediation by β-catenin, i.e.WNT/β-catenin.

As used herein, the term “PD I173074” refers to a small molecule with achemical name:N-[2-[[4-(Diethylamino)butyl]amino]-6-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl]-N′-(1,1-dimethylethyl)urea.(Bansal et al (2003) Specific inhibitor of FGF receptor signaling:FGF-2-mediated effects on proliferation, differentiation, and MAPKactivation are inhibited by PD 173074 in oligodendrocyte-lineage cells.J. Neurosci. Res. 74:486, herein incorporated by reference).

As used herein, the term “LSB-3i” or “LSB3i” in reference to acomposition and a method of using this composition refers to thecombination of LSB molecules (or equivalents) capable of producingneuronal lineage cells and the 3i molecules (or equivalents) capable ofdirected differentiation of neuronal lineage cells as used in exemplarymethods as described herein for directed differentiation of neuronallineage cells resulting in nociceptors.

As used herein, the term “bone morphogenetic protein” or “BMP” refers toa protein and corresponding gene that is a member of a BMP subfamily,which based upon sequence homology includes GDFs (growth/differentiationfactors), in a TGF-beta superfamily of proteins, (see, for example,Yamashita, et al. (1996) Bone 19:569, herein incorporated by reference).Examples of BMPs include, BMP1, BMP2, etc. BMPs/GDFs are grouped intosubsets based on amino acid sequence homology. The groupings aresuggested to be 1) BMP-2 and BMP-4; 2) BMP-3 and BMP-3b; 3) BMP-5,BMP-6, BMP-7, and BMP-8; 4) BMP-9 and BMP-10; 5) BMP-12, BMP-13, andBMP-14; and 6) BMP-11 and GDF-8 (see, for example, Yamashita, et al.(1996) Bone 19:569, Hogan, (1996) Genes Dev. 10:1580, Mehler, et al.(1997) Trends Neurosci. 20:309, Ebendal, et al. (1998) J. Neurosci. Res.51: 139, all of which are herein incorporated by reference). TGF Betasuperfamily of ligands includes such molecules as Bone morphogeneticproteins (BMPs), Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs),Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), Activin, Nodal, TGFβ, etc. The TGF betafamily include: TGFβ1, TGFβ2, TGFβ3. Like the BMPS, TGF betas areinvolved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation, but they are alsoinvolved in apoptosis, as well as other functions. They bind to TGF-betareceptor type-2 (TGFBR2).

As used herein, the term “bone morphogenetic protein receptor” or a“bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II” or “BMPR2” refers to aserine/threonine kinase receptor that binds to a bone morphogeneticprotein.

As used herein, the term “LSB-Mel” refers to a directed differentiationcomposition and method comprising LSB/C treatment of cells followed bycontact with BMP4 and Endothelin-3 (EDN3) for producing melanocyteprogenitor cells (melanocyte progenitors), identified and isolated basedupon specific markers, i.e. c-kit expression.

As used herein, the term “mature pigmented melanocyte” refers to apigment cell producing pigmented melanosomes, for example, melanocyteprogenitor cells of the present inventions contacted with BMP4 and cAMP.

As used herein, the term “embryonic stem cell” refers to a primitive(undifferentiated) cell that is derived from preimplantation-stageembryo, capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolongedperiod in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues ofthe three primary germ layers. A human embryonic stem cell refers to anembryonic stem cell that is human, for example, WA-09.

As used herein, the term “embryonic stem cell line” refers to apopulation of embryonic stem cells which have been cultured under invitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for upto days, months to years.

As used herein, the term “stem cell” refers to a cell with the abilityto divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise tospecialized cells. A human stem cell refers to a stem cell that ishuman.

As used herein, the term “human embryonic stem cell” or “hESC” refers toa type of pluripotent stem cells derived from early stage human embryos,up to and including the blastocyst stage, that is capable of dividingwithout differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are knownto develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers.

As used herein, the term “totipotent” refers to an ability to give riseto all the cell types of the body plus all of the cell types that makeup the extraembryonic tissues such as the placenta. (See alsoPluripotent and Multipotent).

As used herein, the term “multipotent” refers to an ability to developinto more than one cell type of the body. See also pluripotent andtotipotent.

As used herein, the term “pluripotent” refers to an ability to developinto the three developmental germ layers of the organism includingendoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

As used herein, the term “somatic (adult) stem cell” refers to arelatively rare undifferentiated cell found in many organs anddifferentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal (inthe laboratory) and differentiation. Such cells vary in theirdifferentiation capacity, but it is usually limited to cell types in theorgan of origin.

As used herein, the term “somatic cell” refers to any cell in the bodyother than gametes (egg or sperm); sometimes referred to as “adult”cells.

As used herein, the term “neural lineage cell” refers to a cell thatcontributes to the nervous system (both central and peripheral) orneural crest cell fates during development or in the adult. The nervoussystem includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system.Neural crest cell fates include cranial, trunk, vagal, sacral, andcardiac, giving rise to mescetoderm, cranial cartilage, cranial bone,thymus, teeth, melanocytes, iris pigment cells, cranial ganglia, dorsalroot ganglia, sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia, endocrine cells,enteric nervous system, and portions of the heart.

As used herein, the term “induced pluripotent stem cell” or “iPSC”refers to a type of pluripotent stem cell, similar to an embryonic stemcell, formed by the introduction of certain embryonic genes (such as aOCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 transgenes) (see, for example, Takahashi andYamanaka Cell 126, 663-676 (2006), herein incorporated by reference)into a somatic cell, for examples, C14, C72, and the like.

As used herein, the term “specialized cell” refers to a type of cellthat performs a specific function in multicellular organisms. Forexample, groups of specialized cells, such as neurons, work together toform a system, such as a nervous system.

As used herein, the term “nociceptor” in reference to a cell of thepresent invention refers to a neuron capable of an action potential andsensing noxious stimulus involved in the perception of pain. Stimuliinclude, but are not limited to, thermal (heat and cold), mechanical,chemical, and inflammation. Nociceptors are cells expressing specificgenes and proteins, such as BRN3A, ISL1, TAC1, VGLUT2, SLC15A3, andcomprising a morphology described as two distinct processes with a cellbody along an axon-like structure. A “functional nociceptor” inreference to a cell of the present invention refers to a cell resultingfrom directed differentiation characterized by expression of genes andproteins as described herein, morphology as described herein and capableof producing an action potential such as described herein.

As used herein, the term “peptidergic neuron” in general refers to aneuron identified by expression of a distinct class of ion channels andidentified by expression of small peptides such as tachykinins. Forinstance a peptidergic nociceptor expresses NTRK1 and the tachykininsubstance P.

In contrast to a “nonpeptidergic” neuron refers to a neuron that doesnot express NTRK1 or substance P.

As used herein, the term “neuroectoderm” refers to a cell or cell fatefound early in development or during pluripotent stem celldifferentiation that can give rise to cells of the neural lineage.

As used herein, the term “markers of cell proliferation” refers to theexpression of molecules associated with rapidly cycling cells which aretypically not present in mature slowly cycling or noncycling cells, i.e.actively dividing vs. cells with extended cycling times or noncyclingcells. Examples of such markers include a Ki67 marker of cellproliferation (Gerdes, et al., Int. J Cancer 31:13-20 (1983), hereinincorporated by reference) and phospho-histone H3 markers of G2/M-phasesof mitosis (Hendzel, et al., Chromosoma 106:348-360 (1997), hereinincorporated by reference).

As used herein, the term “proliferation” refers to an increase in cellnumber.

As used herein, the term “differentiation” refers to a process wherebyan unspecialized embryonic cell acquires the features of a specializedcell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. Differentiation iscontrolled by the interaction of a cell's genes with the physical andchemical conditions outside the cell, usually through signaling pathwaysinvolving proteins embedded in the cell surface.

As used herein, the term “directed differentiation” refers to amanipulation of stem cell culture conditions to induce differentiationinto a particular (for example, desired) cell type, such as nociceptorcells of the present inventions.

As used herein, the term “directed differentiation” in reference to astem cell refers to the use of small molecules, growth factor proteins,and other growth conditions to promote the transition of a stem cellfrom the pluripotent state into a more mature or specialized cell fate(e.g. central nervous system cell, neural cell, nociceptor, etc.).

As used herein, the term “inducing differentiation” in reference to acell refers to changing the default cell type (genotype and/orphenotype) to a non-default cell type (genotype and/or phenotype). Thus“inducing differentiation in a stem cell” refers to inducing the cell todivide into progeny cells with characteristics that are different fromthe stem cell, such as genotype (i.e. change in gene expression asdetermined by genetic analysis such as a microarray) and/or phenotype(i.e. change in expression of a protein, such as PAX6 or a set ofproteins, such as HMB45 positive (−) while negative (−) for SOX10.

As used herein, the term “transdifferentiation” refers to a process bywhich stem or mature cells from one tissue differentiate into cells ofanother tissue.

As used herein, the term “undifferentiated” refers to a cell that hasnot yet developed into a specialized cell type.

As used herein, the term “cell differentiation” refers to a pathway bywhich a less specialized cell (i.e. stem cell) develops or matures topossess a more distinct form and function (for example, an iPSCprogressing into a neural crest progenitor to a cell of neuronal lineageto a neural crest cell, to a neuron, to a nociceptor cell to apeptidergic nociceptor or into neuroectoderm to a cell of the centralnervous system).

As used herein, the term “differentiation” as used with respect to cellsin a differentiating cell system refers to the process by which cellsdifferentiate from one cell type (e.g., a multipotent, totipotent orpluripotent differentiable cell) to another cell type such as atarget-differentiated cell.

As used herein, the term “default” or “passive” in reference to a celldifferentiation pathway refers to a pathway where a less specializedcell becomes a certain differentiated cell type in culture, when nottreating with certain compounds i.e. normal cell cultures conditions. Inother words, a default cell results when a cell is not contacted by amolecule capable of changing the differentiated cell type (i.e. amorphogen), for example a Nestin+ TUJ1-cell of the present inventions.In contrast, “non-default” in reference to a cell refers to adifferentiated cell type that results in a cell type that is differentfrom a default cell, i.e. a non-default cell is a differentiated celltype resulting from a non-default conditions, such as cell of thepresent inventions, including a TUJ1-Nestin− neuronal cell, a sensoryneuronal cell, a peptidergic nociceptor, a melanocyte, etc. A defaultcell may also be a default cell after a cell has contact with amorphogen to become a non-default cell without a subsequent morphogeniccompound, such as a non-default TUJ1− Nestin− cell that subsequentlybecomes a default nonpeptidergic nociceptor.

As used herein, the term “fate” in reference to a cell, such as “cellfate determination” in general refers to a cell with a geneticallydetermined lineage whose progeny cells are capable of becoming a varietyof cell types or a few specific cell types depending upon in vivo or invitro culture conditions. In other words, a cell's predetermined fate isdetermined by its environment to be destined for a particulardifferentiation pathway such that a cell becomes one cell type insteadof another cull type, for example, a stem cell's progeny cells whose“neural fate” is to become a nerve cell instead of a muscle cell or askin cell. Typically, a cell's “fate” is irreversible except underhighly specific conditions. In another example, a “CNS fate” refers to acell capable of becoming a cell associated with the central nervoussystem. Conversely, a cell fated to become a neural cell can be called a“neural progenitor cell.”

As used herein, the term “neurite outgrowth” refers to observation ofelongated, membrane-enclosed protrusions of cytoplasm from cells.

As used herein, the term “dopamine neuron” or “dopaminergic neuron” ingeneral refers to a cell capable of expressing dopamine. “Midbraindopamine neurons” or “mDA” refer to presumptive dopamine expressingcells in forebrain structures and dopamine expressing cells in forebrainstructures.

As used herein, the term “neural stem cell” refers to a stein cell foundin adult neural tissue that can give rise to neurons and glial(supporting) cells. Examples of glial cells include astrocytes andoligodendrocytes.

As used herein, the term “neuron” refers to a nerve cell, the principalfunctional units of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell bodyand its processes—an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons transmitinformation to other neurons or cells by releasing neurotransmitters atsynapses.

As used herein, the term “cell culture” refers to a growth of cells invitro in an artificial medium for research or medical treatment.

As used herein, the term “culture medium” refers to a liquid that coverscells in a culture vessel, such as a Petri plate, a multiwell plate, andthe like, and contains nutrients to nourish and support the cells.Culture medium may also include growth factors added to produce desiredchanges in the cells.

As used herein, the term “feeder layer” refers to a cell used inco-culture to maintain pluripotent stem cells. For human embryonic stemcell culture, typical feeder layers include mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs) or human embryonic fibroblasts that have been treated to preventthem from dividing in culture.

As used herein, the term “passage” in reference to a cell culture,refers to the process in which cells are disassociated, washed, andseeded into new culture vessels after a round of cell growth andproliferation. The number of passages a line of cultured cells has gonethrough is an indication of its age and expected stability.

As used herein, the term “expressing” in relation to a gene or proteinrefers to making an mRNA or protein which can be observed using assayssuch as microarray assays, antibody staining assays, and the like.

As used herein, the term “paired box gene 6” or “PAX6” refers to amarker of a nondefault neuroprogenitor cell.

As used herein, the term “TUJ1” or “neuron-specific class IIIbeta-tubulin” in reference to a differentiating cell of the presentinventions refers to a marker of early neural human celldifferentiation, such as neural progenitor cells, and is found expressedin neurons of the PNS and CNS.

As used herein, the term “nestin” in reference to a differentiating cellof the present inventions refers to an intermediate filament-associatedprotein that is a marker of neural crest stem cells and CNS neural stemcells.

As used herein, the term “homodimer” in reference to a SMAD moleculerefers to at least two molecules of SMAD linked together, such as bydisulfide linkages.

As used herein, the term “EDN3” refers to a secreted peptide from theendothelin family of endothelium-derived proteins which binds the cellsurface receptor EDNRB commonly found on neural crest derived celllineages such as the bipotent glial-melanocyte stem cell. One example ofa EDN3 amino acid sequence is: endothelin 3 at Accession # NP_000105;Accession PI14138 (EDN3_HUMAN) (SEQ ID NO:1):

MEPGLWLLFGLTVTSAAGFVPCSQSGDAGRRGVSQAPTAARSEGDCEETVAGPGEETVAGPGEGTVAPTALQGPSPGSPGQLQAALGAPEHHRSRRCTCFTYKDKECVYYCHLDHWINTPEQTVPYGLSNYRGSFRGKRSAGPLPGNLQLSHRPHLRCACVGRYDKACLHFCTQTLDVSSNSRTAEKTDKEEEGKVEVKDQQSKQALKLHHPKLMPGSGLALAPSTCPRCLFQEGAP

As used herein, the term “Noggin” refers a secreted homodimericglycoprotein that binds to and inactivates members of the transforminggrowth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling proteins, such asbone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4).

Noggin is typically a 65 kDa protein expressed in human cells as aglycosylated, disulfide-linked dimer. (Groppe, et al., (2002). Nature420, 636-642; Xu, et al., (2005) Nat Methods 2, 185-190; Wang, et al.,(2005) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330:934-942). One example of a Nogginamino acid sequence is: Accession # U79163 single amino acid mouseNoggin (SEQ ID NO:2):

MERCPSLGVTLYALVVVLGLRAAPAGGQHYLHIRPAPSDNLPLVDFTLIEHPDPIFDPKEKDLNETLLRSLLGGHYDPGFMATSPPEDRPGGGGGPAGGAEDLAELFTDQLLRQRPSGAMPSEIKGLEFSEGLAQGKKQRLSKKLRRKLQMWLWSQTFCPVLYAWNDFTLGSRFWPRYVKVGSCFSKSCSVPEGMVCKPSKSVIILTVLRWRCQRRGGQRCGWIPIQYFTPIISECKCSC.

As used herein, the term “lefty” refers to a novel member of thetransforming growth factor beta superfamily that inhibits TGF-beta,including but not limited to LEFTY1, LEFTY2, LEFTYA, etc., also known as“EBAF” or “endometrial bleeding associated factor” or “left-rightdetermination, factor A”. A Lefty protein is required for left-rightasymmetry determination of organ systems in mammals.

As used herein, the term “activin” refers to a member of thetransforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily, such as Activin A,Activin B, etc.

As used herein, the term “transforming growth factor beta” or “TGF-β”refers to a cytokine that regulates growth and differentiation ofdiverse types of cells.

As used herein, the term “nodal” refers to a member of the TGF-β familyof signaling molecules. Nodal signaling inhibits differentiation ofhuman embryonic stem cells along the neuroectodermal default pathway(Vallier, et al., Dev. Biol. 275, 403-421.

As used herein, the term “ALK” or “anaplastic lymphoma kinase” or“anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase” or “Ki-1” refers to amembrane associated tyrosine kinase receptor.

As used herein, the term “ALK5” in reference to a type Iserine/threonine kinase receptor refers to an anaplastic lymphomareceptor tyrosine kinase 5 receptor that binds to TGF-β1 to function asa TGF-β1 receptor.

As used herein, the term “ALK7” in reference to a type Iserine/threonine kinase receptor refers to an anaplastic lymphomareceptor tyrosine kinase 7 receptor that binds to Nodal andNodal-related proteins to function as a Nodal and Nodal-related proteinreceptor.

As used herein, the term “contacting” cells with a compound of thepresent inventions refers to placing the compound in a location thatwill allow it to touch the cell in order to produce “contacted” cells.The contacting may be accomplished using any suitable method. Forexample, in one embodiment, contacting is by adding the compound to atube of cells. Contacting may also be accomplished by adding thecompound to a culture of the cells.

As used herein, the term “attached cell” refers to a cell growing invitro wherein the cell adheres to the bottom or side of the culturevessel, an attached cell may contact the vessel via extracellular matrixmolecules and the like and requires the use of an enzyme for detachingthis cell from the culture dish/container, i.e. trypsin, dispase, etc.As opposed to a cell in a suspension culture that is not attached anddoes not require the use of an enzyme for removing cells from theculture vessel.

As used herein, the term “marker” or “cell marker” refers to gene orprotein that identifies a particular cell or cell type. A marker for acell may not be limited to one marker, markers may refer to a “pattern”of markers such that a designated group of markers may identity a cellor cell type from another cell or cell type. For example, nociceptorcells of the present inventions express one or more markers thatdistinguish a nociceptor cell from a precursor less differentiated cell,i.e. TUJ1 positive and Nestin negative nociceptor, from a nonnocicecptorcell or precursor cell, i.e. TUJ1 negative and Nestin positive cell.

As used herein, the term “positive cell” in relation to a stain refersto a cell that expresses a marker and thus “stains” for that marker in adetectable quantitative and/or qualitative amount above a control orcomparative cell. A positive cell may also refer to a cell that stainsfor a molecule such as Nestin, et cetera.

As used herein, the term “negative cell,” refers to a cell absentdetectable signal for a marker, such as a cell failing to stainfollowing contacting with a Nestin antibody detection method, et cetera.

As used herein, the term “DAPI” refers to a4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.2 HCl fluorescent stain. DAPI fluorescencestaining methods are well known, as one of numerous examples, see, DAPINucleic Acid Stain, 2006. Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, Oreg., 97402,USA.

As used herein, the terms “reporter gene” or “reporter construct” referto genetic constructs comprising a nucleic acid encoding a protein thatis easily detectable or easily assayable, such as a colored protein,fluorescent protein such as GFP or an enzyme such as beta-galactosidase(lacZ gene).

As used herein, the term “GFP” refers to any green fluorescent proteinDNA sequence capable of producing a fluorescent protein upon expressionin a cell typically use as an indication marker for expression of atarget gene. Examples of GFP include GFP sequences isolated fromcoelenterates, such as the Pacific jellyfish, Aequoria Victoria, andsynthetic sequence derivatives thereof, such as “eGFP”.

The term “sample” is used in its broadest sense. In one sense it canrefer to a cell or tissue. In another sense, it is meant to include aspecimen or culture obtained from any source and encompass fluids,solids and tissues. Environmental samples include environmental materialsuch as surface matter, soil, water, and industrial samples. Theseexamples are not to be construed as limiting the sample types applicableto the present invention.

The terms “purified,” “to purify,” “purification,” “isolated,” “toisolate,” “isolation,” and grammatical equivalents thereof as usedherein, refer to the reduction in the amount of at least one contaminantfrom a sample. For example, a desired cell type is purified by at leasta 10%, preferably by at least 30%, more preferably by at least 50%, yetmore preferably by at least 75%, and most preferably by at least 90%,with a corresponding reduction in the amount of undesirable cell types,such as isolated differentiated neuronal cells from nonneuronal cells.In other words “purify” and its equivalents, refers to the removal ofcertain cells (e.g., undesirable cells) from a sample. For example, forproviding a purified population of TUJ1+ neuronal cells of the presentinventions. TUJ1+ Nestin− neuronal cells are purified by removal ofcontaminating Nestin− TUJ1− neuronal cells by sorting a mixed cellpopulation into NTRK1− and NTRK1− cells by flow cytometry, as describedherein; neuronal nociceptor cells are also purified or “selected” fromnon-nociceptor cells (default cells) by using a specified method of cellculture comprising compositions and methods of the present inventions.The removal or selection of non-nociceptor cells results in an increasein the percent of desired nociceptor cells in the sample.

Thus purification of a cell type results in an “enrichment,” i.e., anincrease in the amount, of the desired cell, i.e. nociceptors in thesample.

The term “naturally occurring” as used herein when applied to an object(such as cell, tissue, etc.) and/or chemical (such as a protein, aminoacid sequence, nucleic acid sequence, codon, etc.) means that the objectand/or compound are/were found in nature. For example, a naturallyoccurring cell refers to a cell that is present in an organism that canbe isolated from a source in nature, such as an embryonic cell, whereinthe cell has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory.

As used herein the term, “in vitro” refers to an artificial environmentand to processes or reactions that occur within an artificialenvironment. In vitro environments exemplified, but are not limited to,test tubes and cell cultures.

As used herein the term. “in vivo” refers to the natural environment(e.g., an animal or a cell) and to processes or reactions that occurwithin a natural environment, such as embryonic development, celldilferentiation, neural tube formation, etc.

The term “derived from” or “established from” or “differentiated from”when made in reference to any cell disclosed herein refers to a cellthat was obtained from (e.g., isolated, purified, etc.) a parent cell ina cell line, tissue (such as a dissociated embryo, or fluids using anymanipulation, such as, without limitation, single cell isolation,cultured in vivo, treatment and/or mutagenesis using for exampleproteins, chemical, radiation, infection with virus, transfection withDNA sequences, such as with a morphogen, etc., selection (such as byserial culture) of any cell that is contained in cultured parent cells.A derived cell can be selected from a mixed population by virtue ofresponse to a growth factor, cytokine, selected progression of cytokinetreatments, adhesiveness, lack of adhesiveness, sorting procedure, andthe like.

As used herein, the term “cell” refers to a single cell as well as to apopulation of (i.e., more than one) cells. The population may be a purepopulation comprising one cell type, such as a population or neuronalcells or a population of undifferentiated embryonic cells.Alternatively, the population may comprise more than one cell type, forexample a mixed cell population. It is not meant to limit the number ofcells in a population, for example, a mixed population of cells maycomprise at least one differentiated cell. In one embodiment a mixedpopulation may comprise at least one differentiated. In the presentinventions, there is no limit on the number of cell types that a cellpopulation may comprise.

As used herein, the term “highly enriched population” refers to apopulation of cells, such as a population of cells in a culture dish,expressing a marker at a higher percentage or amount than a comparisonpopulation, for example, treating a LSB contacted cell culture on day 2with CHIR/SU or CHIR/DAPT results in a highly enriched populationcompare to treatment with SU/DAPT.

The term, “cell biology” or “cellular biology” refers to the study of alive cell, such as anatomy and function of a cell, for example, a cell'sphysiological properties, structure, organelles, and interactions withtheir environment, their life cycle, division and death.

The term “nucleotide sequence of interest” refers to any nucleotidesequence (e.g., RNA or DNA), the manipulation of which may be deemeddesirable for any reason (e.g., treat disease, confer improvedqualities, expression of a protein of interest in a host cell,expression of a ribozyme, etc.), by one of ordinary skill in the art.Such nucleotide sequences include, but are not limited to, codingsequences of structural genes (e.g., reporter genes, selection markergenes, oncogenes, drug resistance genes, growth factors, etc.), andnon-coding regulatory sequences which do not encode an mRNA or proteinproduct (e.g., promoter sequence, polyadenylation sequence, terminationsequence, enhancer sequence, etc.).

As used herein, the term “protein of interest” refers to a proteinencoded by a nucleic acid of interest.

The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequencethat comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of apolypeptide or precursor (e.g., proinsulin). The polypeptide can beencoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the codingsequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g.,enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, etc.) of thefull-length or fragment are retained. The term also encompasses thecoding region of a structural gene and includes sequences locatedadjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distanceof about 1 kb or more on either end such that the gene corresponds tothe length of the full-length mRNA. The sequences that are located 5′ ofthe coding region and which are present on the mRNA are referred to as5′ untranslated sequences. The sequences that are located 3′ ordownstream of the coding region and which are present on the mRNA arereferred to as 3′ untranslated sequences. The term “gene” encompassesboth cDNA and genomic forms of a gene. A genomic form or clone of a genecontains the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed“introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences.” Intronsare segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA);introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns areremoved or “spliced out” from the nuclear or primary transcript; intronstherefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNAfunctions during translation to specify the sequence or order of aminoacids in a nascent polypeptide.

As used herein, the term “gene expression” refers to the process ofconverting genetic information encoded in a gene into RNA (e.g., mRNA,rRNA, tRNA, or snRNA) through “transcription” of the gene (i.e., via theenzymatic action of an RNA polymerase), and for protein encoding genes,into protein through “translation” of mRNA. Gene expression can beregulated at many stages in the process. “Up-regulation” or “activation”refers to regulation that increases the production of gene expressionproducts (i.e., RNA or protein), while “down-regulation” or “repression”refers to regulation that decrease production. Molecules (e.g.,transcription factors) that are involved in up-regulation ordown-regulation are often called “activators” and “repressors,”respectively.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid molecule encoding,” “DNAsequence encoding,” “DNA encoding,” “RNA sequence encoding,” and “RNAencoding” refer to the order or sequence of deoxyribonucleotides orribonucleotides along a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleicacid. The order of these deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotidesdetermines the order of amino acids along the polypeptide (protein)chain. The DNA or RNA sequence thus codes for the amino acid sequence.

The term “isolated” when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “anisolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to anucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least onecomponent or contaminant with which it is ordinarily associated in itsnatural source. Isolated nucleic acid is such present in a form orsetting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. Incontrast, non-isolated nucleic acids as nucleic acids such as DNA andRNA found in the state they exist in nature. For example, a given DNAsequence (e.g., a gene) is found on the host cell chromosome inproximity to neighboring genes; RNA sequences, such as a specific mRNAsequence encoding a specific protein, are found in the cell as a mixturewith numerous other mRNAs that encode a multitude of proteins. However,isolated nucleic acid encoding a given protein includes, by way ofexample, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing the givenprotein where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location differentfrom that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a differentnucleic acid sequence than that found in nature. The isolated nucleicacid, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide may be present insingle-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid,oligonucleotide or polynucleotide is to be utilized to express aprotein, the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimumthe sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotidemay be single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sensestrands (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may bedouble-stranded).

As used herein, the term “melanocyte” in reference to a cell of thepresent inventions in general refers to a cell derived from PSC,including an early melanocyte, expressing a group of markers includingSox10, HMB45, c-kit, essential melanocyte transcription factor MITF-M orMITFM, an isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor(MITF) a member of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zippertranscription factor family expressed in melanocytes), tyrosinase (TYR),tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYR-1), TYR-relatedprotein-2/dopachrome-tautomerase (DCT), etc., containing premclosomesand/or melanosomes, with or without obvious pigment (as observed by eyeor by microscopy). Mature melanocytes typically contain pigmentedmelanosomes, are tyrosinase positive, and express melanocytes proteinssuch as tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), etc.

As used herein, the term “early melanocyte” or “melanoblast” or“melanocyte precursor” or “melanocyte progenitor” in reference to a cellof the present inventions refers to a cell co-expressing Sox10::GFP andMITF, and c-kit, that is capable of further differentiation into amature melanocyte. In one embodiment, Sox10::GFP is a marker forpresumptive melanocyte precursors. In another embodiment, c-kit is amarker for presumptive melanocyte precursors. In a further embodiment,Sox10::GFP/c-kit double positive cells are presumptive melanocyteprecursor cells.

As used herein, the term “HMB45-” in reference to a cell of the presentinventions refers to a cell expressing a premelanosomal glycoprotein,i.e. human Pmel17, Thcos, et al., Pigment Cell Res. 2005. 18(5):322-36,herein incorporated by reference), such as early (phase) melanocyte(i.e. an immature melanocyte), a cell capable of differentiating into apigmented cell of the retinal pigment epithelium, mature melanocytescontaining immature melanosomes, and the like.

As used herein, the term ‘disease modeling’ refers to the process ofusing an experimental organism or in vitro cell cultures to mimicspecific signs or symptoms observed in humans as a result of a disorder.In one embodiment, human pluripotent stem cells derived from a personwith a genetic mutation resulting in a neurological disorder can begrown and differentiated into neural cells harboring a similar defectobserved within the person.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1—Exemplary LSB3i Differentiation scheme—A preferred embodiment ofthe method of the present invention. When dual SMAD inhibition wasinduced using LDN-193189 and SB431542 (LSB), optimal neuronaldifferentiation was observed when CHIR99021, SU5402 and DAPT (3i) wereadded at day two of differentiation. Starting on day 4, N2 media wasadded in increasing 25% increments on subsequent days replacing KSR.hESC are plated as a single cell monolayer without the use of a stromalfeeder layer. For the first live days, combined BMP (exemplified byLDN193189) and TGF/Nodal/Activin (exemplified by SB431542) inhibition(LSB) is used to restrict and promote neural differentiation. Threeadditional inhibitors (exemplified by CHIR99021, DAPT, SU5402;collectively called 3i) are applied 48 hours after the initialinduction. Inclusion or exclusion of LDN193189 from days 5 to 10 doesnot make a difference in the differentiation. In summary, cells are feddaily, and media is transitioned from KSR to N2 to support the emergingneural cell population. - - - +L - - - represents duplicate cultureswherein LDN was added from days 5 to 10.

FIG. 2—Exemplary Efficiency of LSB3i—Demonstrates that a preferredembodiment of the present invention of combined use of LSB and 3itreatment efficiently promotes the generation of a neuronal like cellpopulation compared to LSB treatment alone (A,B) Upon staining for TUJ1,a marker of neurons, far greater numbers or positive cells are observedwhen 3i is added (CHIR99021, DAPT, SU5402) 48 hours after treatment ofhPSCs compared to LSB alone, which showed a large number of PAX6green/dark cells with a few TUJ1+ (red/light) cells. (C,D) Cells werere-spotted and Ki67 expression (pink/light cells) was used to quantifythe number of cells in cell cycle. Indicative of post-mitotic neurons,almost 3 fold less Ki67 (+) cells are observed when 3i is added comparedto LSB alone. Comparing expression of Ki67 (pink/light cells) and (E,F)phospho-histone H3 (PPH3) (red/light cells) in LSB (E) and LSB3i (F)treated hPSCs indicated a stark decline in proliferation by day 12. (G)Intracellular FACS was used to measure the number of progenitors (Nestinpositive cells; grey bar) versus neurons (TUJ1 positive cells; whitebar). In contrast to LSB treatment alone where approximately 5% of cellsare TUJ1 positive, greater than 75% of cells are TUJ1 positive when 3iis added. When only one or two of the three inhibitors were addedcompared to a preferred embodiment of the 3i composition, the same levelof TUJ1 cells is not achieved. However treatment of LSB cells with CHIR(C) in addition to either SU5402 or DAPT will achieve greater than 53%neurons, indicating a requirement for CHIR, a glycogen synthase kinase313 (GSK313) inhibitor/activator of WNT signaling (i.e. WNT agonist) incombination with at least one inhibitor selected from a γ-secretaseinhibitor and a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, in theformation of TUJ1− neurons. Scale bar for (A,B) represents 200 μm and(C,D) represents 100 μm.

FIG. 3—Exemplary LSB3i neurons were nociceptors—Demonstrates that apreferred embodiment of the present invention of combined use of LSB and3i treatment efficiently promotes the generation of nociceptors comparedto LSB treatment alone. TUJ1 positive neurons from the combined use ofLSB and 3i treatment express (A) ISL1, (B) BRN3A, (C) RET, and (D) RUNX1measured by immunofluorescence on Day 12. (E) Greater than 61% of cellsexpress NTRK1 on Day 10 while LSB3i treated hiPSCs form neurons at amoderate efficiency as measured by FACS. These results taken togetherindicate the vast majority of neurons generated using the combined useof LSB and 3i treatment are nociceptors. Scale bar represents 100 μm.

FIG. 4—Exemplary iPS cells were induced to nociceptors usingLSB3i—Neurons similar to those shown in FIG. 3 are observed when hiPSClines (for example, C14) are treated with LSB3i. Demonstrates that apreferred embodiment of the present invention of combined use of LSB and3i treatment efficiently promotes the generation of a nociceptorcompared to LSB treatment alone from hiPSC populations. TUJ1 positiveneurons from a preferred embodiment of combined use of LSB and 3itreatment of a hiPSC line (C14) express (A) ISL1, (B) BRN3A, (C) RET,and (D) RUNX1 measured by immunofluorescence on Day 12. Two differenthiPSC lines (C14 and C72) are also able to generate nociceptors. (E)Intracellular FACS was used to measure the number of progenitors (Nestinpositive cells; grey bar) versus neurons (TUJ1 positive cells; whitebar) for the treatments shown. Scale bar represents 100 μm.

FIG. 5—Exemplary SOX10 expression—Demonstrates that a preferredembodiment of the present invention of combined use of LSB and 3itreatment drives nociceptor differentiation through a pathway involvinga neural crest stem cell-like state. To monitor the emergence of neuralcrest stem cells, a transgenic SOX10::GFP BAC hESC cell line was treatedwith A) LSB. B) LSB and CHIR99021 (LSB/C), and C) LSB3i which showednumerous green (bright GFP+ cells in B) and C) by fluorescencemicroscopy. D) and E) show quantitative expression of GFP in treatedcell populations after flow cytometry analysis Using a transgenicSOX10::GFP BAC hESC line, expression of SOX10, a marker of neural creststem cells, can be detected in greater than 64% or cells by day 8.SOX10::GFP+ expression was accelerated and maximal expression (80% GFP+by day 12) where larger GFP+ populations occurred earlier compared toLSB and CHIR99021 (LSB/C) or LSB treatment alone as shown in D) and E)LSB values are just above baseline, LSB/C points are black lines (inbetween LSB and LSB3i) and LSB3i values are connected by a red (light)line. Scale bars=50 μm.

FIG. 6—Exemplary demonstration of 3i added when the cells still retainOCT4 expression Demonstrates that a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention of combined use of LSB and 3i treatment drives nociceptordifferentiation beginning very early in the differentiation pathway whenthe hESC population still retain pluripotent characteristics (A) WhenCHIR99021, DAPT, SU5402 are added to 7 duplicate cultures on variousdays (i.e. one culture on each of day 1-day 7) after LSB induction andthe cells are fixed on day 11, the greatest cell survival and mosthomogeneous TUJ1 expression is observed for day 2. Thus the optimum day2 time for 3i addition was discovered. (B) This corresponds to a timewhen the cells cultured in Noggin and SB431542 (NSB) continue to expressOCT4, a marker for pluripotency, and do not yet express PAX6, a markerof neural cell fate (see lack of staining marked by an asterisk).Profound cell death is observed when 3i is added on days 5-7 at a timewhen the cells have committed the neural lineage, marked by PAX6expression, see, DAPI staining in A) 3i added on days 5, 6 and 7 and B)day 6 of culture. Cells were stained for identifying antibodies thatbound to OCT4 (red/dark) and PAX6 (green/light) in addition to a nuclear4′-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain (bright blue).

FIG. 7—Exemplary LSB3i treated artificial hPSCs (SOX10::GFP cells)demonstrated development of a neural crest intermediate cell withaccelerated maturation into bipolar nociceptors capable of producing anaction potential. Flow Cytometry was used to sort SOX10::GFP+ cells fromSOX10::GFP negative cells. When SOX10::GFP+ were treated with LSB3i theygave rise to (produced) (A) ISL1 and (B) BRN3A positive neurons. LSB3ineurons stained for (C) glutamate and (D) TRPV1. (E) Each TUJ1 positiveneuron exhibited a bipolar morphology with two distinct growth cones and(F) expressed polarized MAP2. After 1 month, (G) neuron cell bodiescluster to form ganglia positive for (H) Substance P and (1) CGRP. (J)95 pA (red trace) is sufficient to elicit a mature single actionpotential from LSB3i nociceptors. Scale bar represents 100 μm (A-D andF-I) and 50 μm (E).

FIG. 8—Exemplary LSB3i treated iPSC clone C72 rapidly acquired anociceptor phenotype. TUJ1 positive neurons (green/light axonal stain)from LSB3i treated iPSC clone C72 cells expressed A) ISL1, B) BRN3A, C)RET, and D) RUNX1 (red/pink stain of cell bodies).

FIG. 9—Exemplary NTRK1 FACS sorting enriched hiPSC-derived LSB3ineurons. NTRK1 FACS sorting on day 10 of differentiation increased TUJ1positive (green/light axonal stain) neurons in NTRK1− cells and removednestin (red) positive progenitor (NTRK1−) cell populations from both C14and C72 cell lines. Cells were immunostained with TUJ1 and Nestin inaddition to DAPI 24 hours after plating onto a matrigel coated culturevessel.

FIG. 10—Exemplary Gene expression of LSB3i nociceptors—Gene expressionanalysis was performed on days 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15 for both LSB andLSB3i treated cells. (a) Distinct phases of differentiation are observedwhen examining markers for neuroectoderm, neural crest, neurons, andnociceptors (N.E., N.C., Nn., and Noci., respectively). (b) Top twentysignificant up- (red) and downregulated (blue) genes by fold change atday 15 for LSB3i were compared to LSB treated cells. (c) Expression ofOCT4, DLK1, PAX6, SOX10, POU4F1 (BRN3A), ISL1, NEUROG2, NEUROG1, NTRK1,VGLUT2, TAC1, and TRPV1 are consistent with emergence of a peptidergicnociceptor.

FIG. 11—Exemplary qRT-PCR validation of genes induced in a SOX10::GFPBAC cell line. Compared to hPSCs sorted for SSEA-4 and a previous methodto enrich for neural crest stem cells by sorting for HNK1+ cells fromneural cultures (Lee, et al., Nat Biotechnol 25, 1468-1475, hereinincorporated by reference). GFP+ cells sorted using the SOX10::GFP BACgreatly enriched for cells expressing neural crest genes SOX10, p75, andAP2B as measured by qRT-PCR.

FIG. 12—Exemplary LSB3i nociceptors have two distinct growth cones. Whenpassaged at day 12 following initial contact with LSB, LSB3i nociceptorswere fixed and stained with TUJ1 antibodies (green; light areas) andDAPT (blue/dark nuclei) two distinct growth cones can be observed inthese representative cells with a cell body marked by DAPI (blue; darkeroval areas) nuclear area in between with a variety of axon-like shapesand sizes. One end exhibited an elaborate arborization (top) similar todendrites and the other a bulbar shape (bottom) similar to synapticends. In general, the morphology of peptidergic nociceptors of thepresent inventions matched morphology of sensory neurons.

FIG. 13—Exemplary Specification and isolation of melanocyteprogenitors/melanoblast—The 11-day LSB-C protocol supported thederivation of Sox10::GFP, MITF co-expressing melanocyte progenitors (A,right panel). MITF single positive populations were also observed (A,left panel). c-Kit was identified as a potential marker of melanocyteprogenitors. A low percentage of Sox10::GFP, c-kit co-expressing cellswere observed after LSB-C differentiation (B, orange population).qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the enrichment of melanocyte markers MITFMand Dct in the double positive population (C). Treatment with BMP4 andEDN3 (“LSB-Mel”) enhanced induction of the Sox10::GFP, c-kit doublepositive putative melanocyte progenitor population (D). Sox10::GFP,c-kit double positive cells isolated following LSB-Mel treatmentexhibited significantly higher levels of melanocyte markers MITFM andDct (E). All error bars represent s.e.m. * p<0.05.

FIG. 14—Exemplary Expansion and Maturation of MelanocytePrecursors—Summary of differentiation conditions (A). Followingspecification in LSB-C conditions with BMP4 and EDN3 (LSB-Mcl) cellswere sorted at day 11 and replated. Post-sort (PS) cells were maintainedin maturation media containing c-kit ligand (SCF), endothelin 3 (EDN3),fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and CHIR. Pigmented cells observed bybrightfield microscopy at day 6 PS were positive for the melanocytemarker MITF but appeared to have downregulated the Sox10::GFP reporter(B). All populations except the Sox10::GFP, c-kit double negativeeventually gave rise to MITF expressing cells and macroscopic pigmentedclusters, but at differing rates (C). Treatment with BMP4 and cAMPenhanced the differentiation into pigmented cells exhibiting aspindle-like morphology typical of melanocytes (D).

FIG. 15—Exemplary Characterization of Mature Melanocytes—Purepopulations of mature melanocytes derived with the LSB-Mel protocolmaintain the expression of common melanocyte markers including MITF,Sox10, Tyrp1, and HMB45 after greater than 8 weeks in culture (A).Melanocytes retain their darkly pigmented phenotype over several weeksin passage (B). 1×10⁶ cells were pelleted and photographed to assesspigmentation levels. Electron microscopic ultrastructuralcharacterization of mature melanocytes (C, D). The presence of numerousdarkly pigmented melanosomes in the cytoplasm of LSB-Mel derivedmelanocytes can be observed by TEM (C). Note the presence andprogressive deposition of melanin pigment with the maturation ofmelanosome vesicles from stages I through IV (D).

FIG. 16—Shows an exemplary LSB-MEL medium formulation required LinoleicAcid for growth of melanocytes and schematic of a melanocyte lineage.Medium component shown above microscopic views represent the mediumcomponent left out of the formulation; Ph-phase contrast; BF=brightfiled. An exemplary schematic shows melanocyte progenitor markers usedfor identifying cells of a melanocyte lineage developed during thepresent inventions.

FIG. 17—Exemplary Differentiation model—Early LSB treatment ofpluripotent embryonic human stem cells inhibited trophectoderm,mesendoderm, and non-neural ectoderm cell fates yielding cells with aneuroectoderm fate. The addition of CHIR99021, SU5402 and DAPT (3i) onday 2 after the initial LSB treatment induced and accelerated (overLSB-C and LSB treatment) neural crest stem cell identity markers by day8 and promoted rapid differentiation of the neural crest stem cells intopeptidergic nociceptors by day 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of stem cell biology, inparticular the lineage specific differentiation of pluripotent ormultipotent stem cells, which can include, but is not limited to, humanembryonic stem cells (hESC), human induced pluripotent stem cells(hiPSC), somatic stem cells, cancer stem cells, or any other cellcapable of lineage specific differentiation. Specifically described aremethods to direct the lineage specific differentiation of hESC and/orhiPSC to nociceptors (i.e. nociceptor cells) using novel cultureconditions. The nociceptors made using the methods of the presentinvention are further contemplated for various uses including, butlimited to, use in in vitro drug discovery assays, pain research, and asa therapeutic to reverse disease of, or damage to, the peripheralnervous system (PNS). Further, compositions and methods are provided forproducing melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for use indisease modeling.

From the description contained herein, one skilled in the art can easilyascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make changes andmodifications to the present invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions and to utilize the present invention to its fullest extent.The embodiments and examples described below are to be construed asmerely illustrative, and not limiting of the scope of the invention inanyway.

The inventors have previously disclosed the use of dual SMAD inhibitionto direct differentiation of stem cells toward neural cell populationswith the ratio of CNS and neural crest progeny being dependent on cellconfluency at time of treatment initiation; high plating density, i.e.high confluency, yields CNS progeny whereas low plating density, i.e.low confluency, yields neural crest progeny. They further disclosed thatpatterning of differentiated CNS neuronal progeny to functionaldopaminergic neurons could be achieved.

The present invention described herein discloses the unexpected andnovel finding that functional nociceptors, a neural crest derived celllineage, can be directly differentiated from high density platedembryonic or somatic stem cells in about 10 days by sequentialinhibition of SMAD signaling followed by inhibition of FGF and Notchsignaling and activation of Wnt signaling and such functionalnociceptors can be maintained in vitro for 7 days or longer.

In particular, a combinatorial small molecule screen was done in orderto discover compounds for use in directed differentiation of humanpluripotent stem cells. During this screen small molecules werediscovered that converted PSCs into postmitotic neurons. Specifically, acombination of five small molecules that were pathway inhibitors, i.e.SB431542, LDN-193189, CHIR99021, SU5402, and DAPT, was discovered thatwas sufficient under certain test conditions described herein to yieldneurons at >75% efficiency from hPSCs within 10 days of differentiationin the absence of any recombinant growth factors. Accordingly, the useof compositions (including kits) and methods of the present inventions,results in at least a 50% yield of peptidergic nociceptors, or at least60%, or at least 70%, or at least 75% efficiency from hPSCs. Theseresulting human neurons expressed canonical markers of nociceptivesensory fate including NTRK1, BRN3A, ISL1, NEUROG1, Substance P, andCGRP. This small molecule based acceleration of neuronal fateacquisition occurred in a time frame three to five fold faster comparedto normal in vivo development (Bystron, et al., Nat Neurosci 9:880-886,(2006), herein incorporated by reference) indicating that inhibition ofcertain signaling pathways was sufficient to accelerate timing of humanneuronal cell development. This rapid, potentially scalable (i.e. batchprocessing for producing large numbers of mature sensory peptidergicnociceptor neurons) and high efficiency derivation of peptidergicnociceptors allowed unprecedented access to this novel method forproducing a medically relevant cell type for use in studies of humanpain perception. Combinatorial small molecules screens represent apowerful method tool for a new generation of directed differentiationstrategies in hPSC biology.

This discovery of compositions and methods for in vitro production ofmature sensory peptidergic nociceptor neurons within 10 days representssignificantly less time for producing mature sensory neurons thancurrent methods. Prior to this discovery, in vitro derivation ofpostmitotic neurons from hPSCs required extended culture periodstypically lasting 30 days or more (Zhang, et al., Methods Mol Biol584:355-366 (2010); Elkabetz, et al., Genes Dev 22:152-165 (2008),herein incorporated by reference). This protracted in vitrodifferentiation of hPSCs was thought to reflect the chronology of humandevelopment in vivo (Perrier, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12543-12548(2004). Thus, in one embodiment, compositions and methods for producingmature peptidergic nociceptor neurons includes less than 30 days ofculture after initial contact with at least one of the five compounds,i.e. SB431542, LDN-19318, or equivalents. Accordingly, peptidergicnociceptors may be obtained in less than 29, less than 25, less than 20,less than 15, less than 12, and less than 10 days after initial contactwith at least one of the five compounds.

Identifying in vitro strategies to overcome the slow human developmentalpace is a major challenge for realizing the full potential of hPSCs inbasic biology and human disease modeling (Saha, Cell Stem Cell 5,584-595 (2009), herein incorporated by reference). The inventorsdescribe herein the discovery of a novel small molecule based method toturn pluripotent cells into mature neurons. Thus in one embodiment, apluripotent cell is directed to differentiation into a mature nociceptorcell. Further, the inventors describe materials and methods to producemature neurons, i.e. nociceptor cells, in a variety of forms and in highnumbers.

I. Cell Culturing Methods for Inducing Neuronal Precursor (Lineage)Cells: Contacting Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with SB431542 andLDN-193189 Produced Neural Lineage Cells.

The following example describes exemplary methods for providing cells ofa neural lineage for use during development of the present inventions.

Dual SMAD inhibition was previously used as a rapid and highly effectivemethod for inducing one type of neural lineage cells from hPSCs(Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated byreference). These neural lineage cells induced by molecules includingNoggin, had a default pathway that allowed development into centralnervous system cells, i.e. neural cell fate. Follow up studies reportedthe use of a small molecule dorsomorphin (DM) instead of Noggin, that atleast in part produced similar cells with differences in consistency ofcultures (Kim, et al., Robust enhancement of neural differentiation fromhuman ES and iPS cells regardless of their innate difference indifferentiation propensity. Stem Cell Rev 6, 270-281, (2010); Zhou, etal., High-Efficiency Induction of Neural Conversion in hESCs and hiPSCswith a Single Chemical Inhibitor of TGF-beta Superfamily Receptors. StemCells, 504, (2010), herein incorporated by reference).

The inventors observed that cells generated using Noggin despite showingthe same developmental stage as LDN treated cells, expression of thevast majority of the same markers, and capable of a similardevelopmental potential to make various neural lineages, also showeddifferences, such as being more anterior on an anterior-posterior axis(i.e. more forebrain, more cells express FOXG1, and the like) comparedto neural cells induced using LDN. Thus although LDN was used in placeof Noggin to inhibit BMP among other signaling pathways. Noggin and LDNmay have other types of activities which are different, besidesinhibiting BMP.

In part due to the high expense of using Noggin, the inventorscontemplated that the use of a BMP inhibitor might be able to substitutefor Noggin in producing cells of neural cell fate. Therefore, a smallmolecule BMP inhibitor, LDN-193189, (Yu, et al., Nat Med 14, 1363-1369,(2008), herein incorporated by reference) was used and found during thedevelopment of the present inventions to replace Noggin, in combinationwith SB431542, for generating primitive neuroectoderm from hPSCs, cellsthat have neural cell fate, i.e. CNS cells (FIG. 2A). This combinationtreatment was termed LSB for the combination of these two inhibitorsLDN-193189 and SB431542.

In general, cell differentiation was initiated by treatment of highconfluency monolayer hES or hiPS with dual inhibition of SMAD signaling.A preferred embodiment utilizes a percentage confluency of 50%-100%,with a most preferred embodiment of 70%-80% confluency. It will beobvious to one skilled in the art that the initial plating densityrequired to achieve a preferred confluency of the present invention willbe dependent on cell type, size, plating efficiency, survival, adhesionand other parameters which can be determined empirically without undueexperimentation on the part of the skilled artisan. Dual inhibition ofSMAD can be achieved with a variety of compounds including Noggin,SB431542, LDN193189, Dorsomorphin, or other molecules which block TGFβ,BMP, and Activin/Nodal signaling. A preferred embodiment utilizes thecomposition comprising SB431542 and LDN193189 (collectively, LSB) at aconcentration of 0.1 μM-250 μM, or more preferable 1-25 μM, or mostpreferable 10 μM of SB431542 and 10-5000 nM, or most preferably 100-500nM of LDN193189.

II. Compounds for Use in Directed Differentiation: Screening SmallMolecules Using Neuronal Lineage Cells of the Present InventionsResulted in Compounds that Produced PAX6 Low and TUJ1 High NeuronalCells for Use in Directed Differentiation.

The following example describes using exemplary cells of a neurallineage from Example II for screening small molecule candidate compoundsfor use in directed differentiation.

Specifically, in the context of dual SMAD inhibition (LSB), i.e. humanES cells were first treated with LSB (LDN-193189 and SB431542) forscreening candidate compounds (i.e. small molecules) under approximately400 conditions in order to find combinations of small molecules thatmight accelerate the acquisition of postmitotic neuron markers startingfrom human ES cells. Candidate compounds were chosen from molecules thattargeted (altered) cell signaling pathways known to be important andfrequently used in developmental studies in order to determine cellfates (for example, signaling pathways such as FGF, Notch, WNT, SHH(Sonic Hedgehog), etc.) for determining cells capable of CNSdevelopment. As one example, 4 types of inhibitors (i.e.SU/DAPT/CHIR/Cyclopamine) were tested in different combinations (as fedto cells in cell medium) on different days of LSB treatment. Eachtreatment was then screened on Day 10 for TUJ1/PAX6 expression. As oneexample of a treatment condition: LSB was fed daily, CHIR and SL wereadded to the medium to feed cells daily on days 4-10.

In general, results of screening treatments resulted in large numbers ofcultures containing dead cells. In other words, viable cultureconditions during this screen were found much less frequently thanunviable conditions (i.e. cell death), for example, when SU/DAPT wasadded to early cultures, i.e. prior to day 2. The inventors contemplatedthat CNS stein cells depend on FGF signaling and gamma-secretaseactivity/Notch signaling for survival, therefore when CHIR was absentwhen SU/DAPT induced cells to switch from CNS to neural crest, insteadof switching, the cells died.

On day 10 after addition of LSB, cells that survived during the screenwere monitored for the loss of the human neuroectoderm marker PAX6(Zhang, et al., Cell Stem Cell 7, 90-100, (2010), herein incorporated byreference) and initiation of neuronal differentiation by TUJ1 expression(Lee, et al., Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 17, 119-132, (1990), hereinincorporated by reference). The cells were stained for neurons (TUJ1+)and a loss of neuroectoderm (observation of fewer PAX6− cells) using anantibody that binds the C-terminus of PX6), by immunofluorescence(immunoF). This screening was done on the numerous combinations ofinhibitors (for example, SU, SU/DAPT, SU/DAPT/CHIR, DAPT/CHIR, SU/CHIR,SU/Cyclopamine, etc.) were added in variations of daily feedings oncombinations of days, (for example, days 0-10, 1-10, 2-10, 3-10, etc.).In general, results were determined by observing comparative amounts ofTUJ1+/PAX6− staining of cells generated by each treatment such that theconditions and compounds showing the highest amounts of TUJ1+/PAX6−staining were chosen as successful for providing cells for furtheranalysis. One example of a small molecule that was considered a failureduring the screening test for producing cells that were TUJ1+/PAX6− byimmunostaining of cells was Cyclopamine. Cyclopamine appeared to have noeffect on cells for producing TUJ1/PAX6 staining no matter when it wasadded. In other words, the cell morphology remained similar to thosecells with LSB treatment alone (i.e. >90% PAX6+ and <10% TUJ1+) on day10 by immunofluorescence.

However, during the screen the inventors discovered that a specificcombination of three small molecules (SU5402, CHIR99021, and DAPT;termed 3i for three inhibitors), added on day 2 of LSB treatment (FIGS.6A and B), abolished PAX6 expression and induced TUJ1 in hPSCs at day 10of differentiation (FIGS. 2A and B). This was a surprising discoverybecause at day 2 of LSB treatment the treated cells were not yet knownto have a neural cell fate or for having the capability to develop intoa neural cell fate. Instead, 3i treatment directed cells away from aneural cell fate into neural crest cells which were furtherdifferentiated into the nociceptor cells of the present inventions.

The functions for each of these small molecules was then researched inorder to discover which signaling pathways were contemplated to beinvolved in converting a PAX6 TUJ1− human ES cell population into aPAX6-TUJ1+ population. First, SU5402 was reported as a potent inhibitorof VEGF, FGF, and PDGF tyrosine kinase signaling (Sun, et al., J MedChem 42, 5120-5130, (1999), herein incorporated by reference). Thus ingeneral it was contemplated that at least one of the small molecules wasinvolved with inhibiting FGFR signally pathways. Secondly, CHIR99021 wasreported as a WNT agonist by selectively inhibition of GSK-3β whichstabilized β-catenin (Bennett, et al., J Biol Chem 277, 30998-31004,(2002), herein incorporated by reference). Thus in general it wascontemplated that at least one of the small molecules was involved withinhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). In one embodiment, thissmall molecule alternatively is capable of activating at least one ofthe WNT signalling pathways, such as through glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β) inhibition. And thirdly, DAPT was reported as a γ-secretaseinhibitor capable of blocking Notch signaling (Dovey, et al., JNeurochem 76, 173-181 (2001), herein incorporated by reference). Thus ingeneral it was contemplated that at least one of the small molecules wasinvolved with inhibiting at least one Notch signaling pathway. Thus inone embodiment, one of the small molecules was contemplated as anonselective or pan-Notch inhibitor. In another embodiment, one of theinhibitors is an inhibitor of γ-secretase molecules, capable of blockingat least one Notch signaling pathway. Therefore, in one exemplaryembodiment, a combination of inhibitors would include at least one smallmolecule involved with inhibiting FGFR signalling pathways, at least onesmall molecule involved with inhibiting at least one Notch signalingpathway, and at least one small molecule involved with inhibiting GSK-3βwhile activating at least one of the WNT signalling pathways forproducing PAX6-TUJ1− human neuronal cells of the present inventions. Infurther embodiments one of the inhibitors was capable of blocking atleast one γ-secretase molecule in the Notch signaling pathway.

A. LSB-3i: A Combination of Two Inhibitors of FGF and Notch Signalingwith an Activator of Wnt Signaling Produced TUJ1+ Neuronal Cells.

Inhibitors to FGF and Notch signaling and activators of Wnt signalingwere added about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days after initiation of LSBtreatment. Inhibition of FGF signaling can be achieved with a variety ofcompounds including SU5402, PD-161570, PD-173074, Suramin, or othermolecules which block FGF signaling pathways. Inhibition of Notchsignaling can be achieved with a variety of compounds including DAPT,L-685,458, Compound E, MK0752, or other molecules which block Notchsignaling pathways.

Activation of Wnt signaling can be achieved with a variety of compoundsincluding CHIR99021, LiCl, TDZD-8, recombinant Wnt or other moleculeswhich activate Wnt signaling pathways. A preferred embodiment utilizesthe composition comprising CHIR99021, DAPT, and SU5402 (collectively,3i) at a concentration of 0.3-100 μM, or more preferable 3-10 μM, ormost preferable 3 μM of CHIR99021; 1-100 μM, or most preferable 10 μM ofDAPT; and 0.5-200 μM, or more preferable 5-20 μM, or most preferable 10μM SU5402.

The stem cells treated with the combination of LSB and 3i were fixed onday 11 and examined for survival and expression of the neuronal markerTUJ1. The population that had been treated with 3i on day 2 of LSBtreatment yielded the highest survival rate as well as high expressionof the neuronal marker TUJ1 whereas the population that had been treatedwith 3i after day 5 of LSB treatment displayed cytotoxicity and celldeath (FIG. 6A). Surprisingly, on day 2 following LSB treatment the cellpopulation is still progenitor-like as expression of Oct4 is high (FIG.6B). It is not until day 6 following LSB treatment that the neuralcommitment marker Pax6 is expressed; however treatment on day 6 with 3iresults in cytotoxicity thereby indicating that the neuronal populationsderived by combined LSB and 3i treatment are directly differentiatingfrom the pluripotent stem cell and not from a neuronal intermediate.Therefore, a preferred embodiment of treatment with 3i is between 1 and4 days following LSB treatment, with the most preferred embodiment oftreatment with 3i 2 days following LSB treatment. Additionally, all 3components of the 3i composition are required for the maximum yield ofdifferentiated neurons (FIG. 2E).

TUJ1+ Neuronal Cells Show a Loss of Expression of Cell ProliferationMarkers.

The following example describes an exemplary method for determining thematurational (cell cycle) stage of TUJ1+ neuronal cells.

Upon maturation, neurons produced in culture ceased to undergo mitosiswhile loosing Ki67 and phospho-histone H3 (PHH3), markers of cellproliferation (Gerdes, et al., Int J Cancer 31, 13-20 (1983), hereinincorporated by reference) and G2/M-phases of mitosis (Hendzel, et al.,Chromosoma 106, 348-360 (1997), herein incorporated by reference),respectively. Therefore, cells produced using LSB in combination with 3i(i.e. LSB3i) were passaged to a lower density, approximately 10-100,000cells/cm² and tested for cell proliferation markers, Ki67 andphospho-histone H3 (PHH3), after fixation to better assess expression,in individual cells. In particular, expression of Ki67 was known to be abetter predictor of proliferation. Thus, compared to cells cultured inLSB without 3i compounds, after 12 days fewer cells, 50% and 16%,cultured in the presence of 3i showed a loss of Ki67+ and pHH3+ cells,respectively (FIG. 2 C-F).

Intercellular FACS staining for Nestin, a marker of neural progenitors,and β3-tubulin (TUJ1) a marker of neuronal differentiation, wasperformed to quantify the efficiency (percentage) of neuronaldifferentiation using LSB3i compared to LSB alone as a control inaddition to LSB/CHIR (CHIR99021; C), SU/DAPT (SU5402/DAPT), SU/CHIR(SU5402/CHIR99021), DAPT, SU (SU5402), CHIR (FIG. 2G). In the presenceof LSB, SU/DAPT, DAPT, SU and CHIR, the majority of cells expressedNestin. In particular, >95% of the LSB cell population were Nestin+.Numerous cells showed Nestin staining after dual SMAD inhibition butwere not quantitated while longer term cultured cells, i.e. 19 days,showed TUJ1+ neurons where the majority of these cells co-expressedtyrosine hydroxylase (TH) identifying potential dopaminergic neurons(Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated byreference). Conversely, when LSB contacted cells were contacted 2 dayslater with the 3i compounds, after 10 days approximately 25% of cellsexpressed Nestin while approximately 75% of cells expressed TUJ1,demonstrating efficient conversion to a neuronal cell fate aftershort-term cell culture, i.e. less than 19 days.

Surprisingly, LSB treatment followed 2 days later by contacting cellswith CHIR99021 and either one of DAPT or SU resulted in 50% of the cellpopulation differentiating into TUJ1+ cells. When each of the threeinhibitors was used alone after LSB treatment, 20% or fewer cells wereTUJ1+. Therefore CHIR99021 was discovered as the key contributor todirected differentiation of this cell population into TUJ1− neuronalcells. The inventors contemplated directed differentiation of nestin+TUJ1− cells into nestin− TUJ1+ neuronal cells was dependent oninhibition of GSK-3β while activating at least one of the WNT signallingpathways in addition to inhibiting either FGF receptor pathways or agamma secrease within a Notch signalling pathway. Further, the additionof the 3i compounds resulted in a conversion of an additional 25%nestin− TUJ1+ neuronal cells, see, FIG. 2G.

In summary, the neuronal population derived from a preferred embodimentof 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatment was further examined. Thispopulation showed high expression of the neuronal marker TUJ1 comparedto cells treated with LSB alone (FIG. 2A,B) as well as loss of Ki67(FIG. 2C,D). Loss of Ki67 indicates reduction in cell cycle which ischaracteristic of post-mitotic differentiated neurons. Additionally,FACS analysis revealed that over 75% of the cell population treated witha preferred composition consisting of LSB and 3i expressed TUJ1 comparedto 99% of the population treated with LSB alone which expressed Nestin,a progenitor marker (FIG. 20).

The neuronal population derived from a preferred embodiment of 3itreatment 2 days after LSB treatment was further examined. Thispopulation showed high expression of the neuronal marker TUJ1 comparedto cells treated with LSB alone (FIG. 2A,B) as well as loss of Ki67(FIG. 2C,D). Loss of Ki67 indicates reduction in cell cycle which ischaracteristic of post-mitotic differentiated neurons. Additionally,FACS analysis revealed that over 75% of the cell population treated witha preferred composition consisting of LSB and 3i expressed TUJ1 comparedto 99% of the population treated with LSB alone which expressed Nestin,a progenitor marker (FIG. 2E).

B. TUJ1+ Neuronal Cells Expressed PNS Rather than CNS Cell Markers.

The following example describes an exemplary method for identifying thetype of TUJ1 positive neuron produced during the development of thepresent inventions.

To further characterize the subtype of neurons obtained from a preferredembodiment of 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatment, the TUJ1 positivepopulation was stained for markers of various neuronal subtypes.Specifically, the dual-SMAD-inhibition protocol was known to generatePAX6+ neuroepithelial cells biased towards anterior forebrain identityexpressing FOXG1 (Forkhead box protein G1) (Chambers, et al., NatBiotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated by reference). Therefore, inorder to determine the neuronal subtype identity following LSB3itreatment, cells were passaged to a lower density, approximately10-100,000 cells/cm² at day 10 and assessed for a range of markerexpression at day 12

Since the expected neuronal type was a CNS fate, the majority of initialmarkers tested were for identification of CNS type cells. In fact, a CNSforebrain neuron was expected since LSB cells default to this subtype(PAX6, FOXG1 positive). Surprisingly, at least 12 negative results (anexemplary 10 are shown below) for CNS markers were obtained beforestaining for ISL1, a marker for PNS cells, was discovered. ISL1 isexpressed by motoneurons and peripheral sensory neurons. BRN3Aexpression was tested and found to be expressed by LSB/3i cells.Therefore, the inventors discovered BRN3A+/ISL1+ neurons which indicateddevelopment of peripheral sensory neurons, see Table A, below.

TABLE A The following list of genes/proteins that represent numerous CNSfate molecules that were expected to be positive (expressed) on cellsusing the LDN/3i induced differentiation as described herein. However,these results showed an exemplary lack of CNS markers, results whichwere supported by the subsequent finding of potential markers for PNSlineage, i.e. ISL1 and BRN3A. Gene/Protein Marks (neuron type) Result(IF or FACS) FOXG1 Forebrain Negative FOXA2 Midbrain Negative TBR1Cortical Negative PAX6 Forebrain Negative AADC Dopamine Negative THDopamine Negative DCX Pan-neuronal >75%, costained with TUJ1 NestinProgenitors <25%, counterstained with TUJ1 ChAT Cholinergic NegativeGAD65 GABA Negative Reelin Cortical and Positive juvenile neurons GABAGABA Negative MASH1 Autonomic Negative BRN3A Peripheral sensory PositiveISL1 Motoneurons, Positive Peripheral sensory

Surprisingly, homogenous expression of ISL1 and BRN3A (red/darker areaswithin cells) (FIGS. 3A and B) were observed on TUJ1+ cells(green/lighter cell bodies compared to red staining) of the presentinventions. ISL1 and BRN3A are key markers for sensory neurons (ISL1:Sun, et al., Nat Neurosci 11, 1283-1293, (2008); BRN3A: Gerrero, et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 10841-10845 (1993), all of which are hereinincorporated by reference). This discovery indicated that the neuronsthat resulted from LSB3i treatment were PNS rather than CNS cells. Theseresults were in contrast to LSB cells that default to a CNS forebrainneuron subtype (PAX6+, FOXG1 positive). This is quite a unexpectedfinding as the high confluency or the stem cells upon initiation of thetreatment, as represented by plating density, according to the teachingsof the prior art, should have resulted in CNS derived neuronalpopulations. However, nociceptors are derived from neural crest cellpopulations which, according to the teachings of the prior art, arederived from low confluency of the stem cells upon initiation of thetreatment, as represented by plating density. In other words, theexpectation was that a high initial plating density >20,000 cells/cm² ofpluripotent stem cells at the time of initiation of LSB treatment wouldresult in a committed CNS neuronal population. In contrast, a lowinitial plating density approximately 10,000 cells/cm² was known to benecessary to result in neural crest cells (Chambers et al, NatureBiotech, 2009 (See lower half of FIG. 4), herein incorporated byreference in its entirety).

To further characterize the subtype of neurons obtained from a preferredembodiment of 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatment, the TUJ1 positivepopulation was stained for markers of various neuronal subtypes. Thispopulation was positive for expression of ISL1, BRN3A, RET, and RUNX1(FIG. 3 A-D). FACS analysis revealed that greater than (60% of theseneurons were positive for NTRK1 (FIG. 3E).

These markers collectively indicate that the neuronal population areperipheral sensory neurons, in particular nociceptors. This is quite aunexpected finding as the high confluency of the stem cells uponinitiation of the treatment, as represented by plating density,according to the teachings of the prior art, should have resulted in CNSderived neuronal populations. However, nociceptors are derived fromneural crest cell populations which, according to the teachings of theprior art, are derived from low con fluency of the stem cells uponinitiation of the treatment, as represented by plating density.Therefore a preferred embodiment of the combination of LSB with 3itreatment on day 2 results in unexpected formation of neural crestderived populations, namely nociceptors. To establish the generality ofthe present invention, the inventors repeated a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention combining 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatmentusing hiPSC as the source of stem cells. The current art describes anynumber of methods to produce hiPSC and will be known to those skilled inthe art. hiPSC cells plated at a high confluency treated with LSBfollowed by 3i on day 2 results in the formation of neuronal cellspositive for the nociceptor markers ISL1, BRN3A, RET, and RUNX1 (FIG.4A-D).

C. PNS TUJ1+ Neuronal Cells Expressed Nociceptor-Peptidergic CellMarkers

The following example describes using exemplary methods for determiningwhich type(s) of peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons were producedusing methods described herein.

It was not known what type(s) of PNS neurons were produced by themethods described herein as there were several types of candidateneurons, such as sensory neurons and motor neurons, and further therewere at least three major subsets of known sensory neurons in the PNSincluding proprioceptor cells, mechanoceptor cells, and nociceptorcells.

During development, early stage nociceptors were both peptidergic andnonpeptidergic and uniquely expressed NTRK1, RUNX1, followed by RETexpression (for an example of information on RET, see, Woolf, et al.,Neuron 55, 353-364, (2007), herein incorporated by reference). Duplicateearly stage LSB3i-cultures with TUJ1+ neurons were tested for RETexpression (FIG. 3C), and discovered to be positive for this marker(red/darker areas within cells in the larger box compared to TUJ1+staining (green/lighter cell bodies compared to RET staining) andlighter stained areas within inserted RET box). (FIG. 3D), and greaterthan 60% of all cells in culture expressed NTRK1 when measured by FACSat day 10 (FIG. 3E).

In summary, this population was positive for expression of ISL1, BRN3A,RET, and RUNX1 (FIG. 3A-D) indicating the production of early stagenociceptors (both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic). FACS analysisrevealed that greater than 60% of these neurons were positive for NTRK1(FIG. 3E). These markers collectively indicate that the neuronalpopulation are peripheral sensory neurons, in particular nociceptors.

Therefore a preferred embodiment of the combination of LSB with 3itreatment on day 2 results in unexpected formation of neural crestderived populations, namely nociceptors.

Further, the inventors combined information from several tests,including initial immunofluorescence results, i.e., BRN3A+, ISL1+, arraydata, i.e. TAC1 (Substance P) expression, then choosing a NTRK1 markerand finding NTRK1+ cells, in addition to observations described hereinwhere cells obtained by LSB/3i treatment transitioned through neuralcrest and transiently expressing Neurogenin1 (NEUROG1) instead ofdifferentiating into a CNS fate. Thus the inventors contemplated thatthe resulting PNS cell was most likely a peptidergic nociceptor.

D. LSB-3i Reproducibly Induced PNS TUJ1+ Nociceptor-Peptidergic NeuronalCells.

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for determining reproducibility.

To establish the generality of the present invention, the inventorsrepeated a preferred embodiment of the present invention combining 3itreatment 2 days after LSB treatment using hiPSC as the source of stemcells. Reproducibility of LSB3i treatment was accessed across additionalhPSC lines including induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Thecurrent art describes any number of methods to produce hiPSC and will beknown to those skilled in the art. In particular, two hiPSC lines (C14and C72) were used that were generated by inserting genes such as Oct4(octamer-binding transcription factor 4), Sox2 (SRY (sex determiningregion Y)-box 2), Klf4 (Kruppel-like factor 4), and c-Myc (Transcriptionfactor p64) and shown to efficiently neuralize (see, (Papapetrou, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci., USA 106, (2009), herein incorporated byreference)).

PAX6 expression was then examined by ImmunoF, LSB and LSB3i treatment ofC14 and C72 cell lines showed similar neuronal staining results whencompared to human cell lines shown in FIG. 3A-D. Exemplary C14 stainingresults are shown in FIG. 4A-D while exemplary C72 staining results areshown in FIG. 8A-D for ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1 and TUJ1, as describedabove.

LSB treatment of C14 and C72 cell lines homogeneously gave rise toNestin positive cells (>95% of the treated cell population) and werecapable of forming TUJ+ cells when treated with combination of LSB3i asmeasured by FACS (40% for C14 and 33% for C72; FIG. 4E). These resultswere compared to 119 cell line (i.e. a hESC line) treated with LSB andLSB3i shown for LSB and LSB3i results in (FIG. 4E). Even higher neuronyields, from 40% and 33% measured by FACS, became >90% of nucleistaining are neurons when sorted on NTRK1 were obtained in those twohiPSC lines upon passaging of bulk cultures into culture vessels coatedwith Matrigel™ containing N2 media after sorting on NTRK1 (Neurotrophictyrosine kinase receptor type 1) marker expression. Cells weredesegregated with accutase, re-suspended in N2, and incubated on icewith APC-conjugated NTRK1 antibody (R&D) for 15 minutes, washed, andre-suspended in N2 for FACS. After sorting the cells were cultured for24 hours in N2 media, and fixed in place. Cells were collected andstained for BRN3A, ISL1, TUJ1 and DAPI. In particular, numerous Nestin+cells (red/dark staining) are shown for both C14 and C72 NTRK1+ cellsfrom LSB3i treated cells compared to few Nestin+ cells in therepresentative NTRK1+ LSB3i treated cell population (FIG. 9). Further,while few C14 NTRK1+ cells expressed TUJ1 cell line C27 showed a highernumber of NTRK1+ TUJ1+ (green; bright staining). Both cell lines showedhigh numbers of Nestin−TUJ1+ cells as observed compared to cell bodiesidentified by DAPI (blue; light nuclear) staining.

In summary, hiPSC cells plated at a high confluency treated with LSBfollowed by 3i on day 2 resulted in the formation of neuronal cellspositive for the nociceptor markers ISL1, BRN3A, RET, and RUNX1 (FIGS.4A-D, FIGS. 8A-D and FIG. 9.

The speed with which stable, mature neuronal cell fates candifferentiate from hPSCs using this combined small molecule approach(FIG. 4) remains the most surprising finding. The time frame of 10-15days for the generation of a mature neuron phenotype is far acceleratedas compared with estimates of nociceptor emergence during humandevelopment (30-50 days) (Kitao, et al., J Comp Neurol 371, 249-257,(1996), herein incorporated by reference). Upregulation of ISL1 andBRN3A are concomitant with expression of SOX10, starting between days 5and 7. The optimal time to add 3i is day 2 of dual SMAD inhibitionreflecting a previous finding from the inventor's lab that treatmentwith sonic hedgehog at day 2 is most effective at promoting FOXA2expression and human floor plate differentiation (Fasano, et al., CellStem Cell 6, 336-347, (2010), herein incorporated by reference). Thissuggests that neural patterning can occur prior to the loss of OCT4protein expression and that the presence of OCT4 protein does not appearto restrict pre-patterning events. The potent role of CHIR99021 in thederivation of neural crest derived sensory neurons is likely related toactivation of canonical WNT signaling, known to be essential duringearly neural crest specification of (Dorsky, et al., Nature 396,370-373, (1998), herein incorporated by reference), and capable ofinstructing naive neural crest precursors towards sensory neuron lineage(Lee, et al., Science 303, 1020-1023, (2004), herein incorporated byreference).

Transcription factor-based lineage reprogramming of mouse cells hasgarnered much deserved attention as a means to derive neurons directlyfrom fibroblast (Vierbuchen, et al., Nature 463, 1035-1041, (2010),herein incorporated by reference), and in time this method may be usedon human cells. The data shown herein demonstrated that LSB3i wascapable of rapid derivation of human postmitotic neurons. Some of thekey advantages of using methods comprising LSB3i were speed andefficiency of production of human postmitotic neurons from humanprecursor cells, i.e. PSCs. Furthermore, the protocol did not requiregenetic manipulation or mechanical intervention, such as passaging,resulting in highly enriched populations of neurons within 10 days in asingle culture step.

LSB3i is also one of the first examples of using combinatorial smallmolecule screens to drive lineage specification in hPSCs. Given thelimited number of developmental pathways used iteratively atdevelopmental decision points (Brivanlou, et al., Science 295, 813-818,(2002), herein incorporated by reference) the approach described hereinshould be generally applicable to specify human pluripotent lineages.The majority of the five small molecules used in LSB3i were knownsignaling pathway inhibitors indicating that suppression of endogenoussignaling pathways is particularly effective at directing hPSC fate.Although off-target effects are an important consideration when usingsmall molecules, such that small molecules often produce unintended orunexpected results, the data obtained during the development of thepresent inventions demonstrated that in this particular inventionwherein combined small molecule inhibition of endogenous signalingpathways provided efficient, non-genetic (no changes in DNA codingsequences), cross-species, cost effective, rapid, and reversible meansto modulate hPSC cell fates.

III. LSB-C: CHIR99021 was Required for the Generation of LSB3iNociceptors and Discovered to Direct Differentiation into Neural CrestStem Cells.

During the development of the present inventions, the inventorsdiscovered that LSB contacted cells were capable of being directed todifferentiate a high numbers into nociceptors when contacted, on Day 2after LSB treatment, with CHR/SU or CHR/DAPT but not SU/DAPT. Uponfurther investigation the inventors were surprised to discover thatLSB-C, LSB treated cells contacted with CHIR resulted in a neural creststem cell population.

A. CHIR99021 (C) is the Key Factor for Inducing Neuronal Differentiationfrom LSB Cultured Cells (i.e. LSB-C)

The following example describes using exemplary methods for testing theefficacy of each compound for inducing directed neuronaldifferentiation.

In order to gain mechanistic insights into the sufficiency of eachcompound found to associated with the induction of TUJ1+ cells ofExample III, specific combinations of 3i compounds were tested forinducing cellular expression of Nestin and TUJ1 as measured usingintercellular FACS (shown in FIG. 1G). Nestin was used as a marker ofthe LSB neural lineage cells while TUJ1 was used to identify adownstream (i.e. more differentiated) neuronal cell.

Although none of the individual factors yielded high numbers (greaterthan 60%) of TUJ1+ neurons. CHIR99021 in combination with either one ofthe other two signal inhibition factors was capable of generatingmoderate numbers of TUJ1+ neurons (53% for DAPT and 58% for SU5402).These data indicate that under the test conditions used herein,CHIR99021 was the key factor for accelerating neuronal differentiationwhile SU5402 and DAPT provided important, yet additive stimuli.

Additionally, all 3 components of the 3i composition are required forthe maximum yield of differentiated neurons (FIG. 2G).

B. Neural Crest Stem Cells were Derived from LSB Contacted Cells (D0)Further Contacted with CHIR (D2).

The inventors found that BMP signaling and TGF-β signaling was optimizedfor neural crest induction through experiments that used earlywithdrawal of theses respective inhibitors. Wnt signaling was activatedin turn along with GSK3 inhibition, a using a small molecule GSK3βinhibitor (CHIR99021). Thus the inventors round that a narrow window(Day 2) of Wnt signaling governs neural crest induction in the contextof the dual SMAD inhibition protocol. A modified dual SMAD inhibitionprotocol (LSB-C) that combined optimized signaling for these threepathways enhanced the induction of Sox10::GFP expressing neural crest inup to 65% of the population.

IV. LSB-3i and LSB-C Induced Artificial SOX10+ Cells are Capable ofProducing Nociceptor Cells.

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for directed differentiation of engineered SOX10+ GFPexpressing human cells.

Nociceptor cells are contemplated to arise from two types of cellintermediates during human development: specifically SOX10+ chick embryoneural crest cells were found to be capable of generating trunknociceptor cells flanking the spinal cord (George, et al., Nat Neurosci10: 1287-1293, (2007), herein incorporated by reference). Additionally,Xenopus laevis head placode tissue contributed to the trigeminalnociceptor cell population in facial tissue (Schlosser, et al., J CompNeurol 418:121-146, (2000); Schlosser, et al., Dev Biol 294:303-351,(2006), herein incorporated by reference).

Thus, in order to determine if a neural crest intermediate cell fatemarked by SOX10 (Aoki, et al., Dev Biol 259, 19-33, (2003); Tee, et al.,Nat Biotechnol 25, 1468-1475, (2007), herein incorporated by reference)in human cells would be observed during differentiation using atransgenic SOX10::GFP bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) hPSC line.This SOX10::GFP (BAC) cell line was generated with enriched neural crestgene markers that co-expressed with a GFP gene using methods previouslyreported (Placantonakis, et al., Stem Cells 27:521-532, (2009), hereinincorporated by reference). The SOX10:GFP cell line was a sub-clone ofthe H9 hESC line. Cells were dissociated and gene delivery was performedusing reagents (solution V), protocol (B-16), and equipment from Amaxa.The DNA nucleofected (transfected into the nucleus) was a bacterialartificial chromosome (BAC) containing the SOX10 gene with an insertedGFP, obtained from Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas [GENSAT](accession number: GENSAT1-BX1086). The BAC was then modified to includea neomycin resistance gene for selection (see Tomishima, et al. Stemcells 25(1):39-45. Epub 2006 Sep. 21 (2007, herein incorporated byreference) using cre/LoxP recombination from a selection cassetteexcised from the pL452 plasmid into the GENSAT BAC. After gene deliveryhFSCs were seeded as single cells in the presence of G418 for neomycinresistance selection and clones were manually picked and screened forthe presence of GFP upon differentiation. GFP cells were sorted toconfirm the expression of SOX10 and other neural crest markers byqRT-PCR.

GFP expression was measured by FACS identification and sorting ofSOX10::GFP-cells at 4, 8, 12, and 16 days after initiatingdifferentiation with LSB when two additional duplicate samples werecontacted each with one of LSB then CHIR99021 (LSB/C) or LSB with 3i.

When CHIR99021 was present greater than 70% of these treated cells inculture became SOX10::GFP+ by day 12 of differentiation for the cultureconditions (70% for LSB/C and 80% for LSB3i; FIGS. 5D and E). Thisresult indicated that the majority of cells develop a neural crestidentity, supporting the inventors' observation that CHIR99021 wasrequired for the generation of LSB3i nociceptor cells. Thus combinedinhibition by these small molecules which inhibited tyrosine receptorkinase receptors and Notch signaling, in addition to contacting SU5402and DAPT, respectively, accelerated neural crest cell fate, since LSB3itreated cells acquired a neural crest fate more rapidly in comparison toLSB/C treated hPSCs (FIGS. 5D and E). The inventors contemplated thatCHIR induced neural crest and sensory neurons while SU acceleratedneural crest marker expression and neuronal differentiation. Finally,the inventors contemplated that DAPT in combination with CHIR and SUaccelerated neuronal differentiation. Further, the use of CHIR99021 incombination with LSB3. i.e. LSB/C resulted in a slower conversion rateof over 60% of Nestin−TUJ1+ neuronal cells compared to LSB3i betweendays 12 and 16 when using the engineered SOX::GFP cells as a read-out.

V. NTRK1+ Human Nociceptor Cells Produced by Methods Described HereinShowed Electrophysiology Responses Similar to Rat Nociceptor Cells InSitu.

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for determining the functional capability of nociceptor cellsproduced by methods described herein.

LSB3i treated cells were examined for function, maturation stages, andbehaviors in order to confirm that LSB3i derived neurons were bona tidenociceptor neuronal cells. After LSB3i treatment of pluripotent stemcells resulted in nociceptor cells were obtained long term cultures wereestablished from a plating density of 10-100,000 cells/cm² and passagedDay 10, 30 days in culture in N2 medium supplemented with human-betaNGF, BDNF, and GDNF (see, Example I for additional details). Survivalrate of these cells under longer-term culture conditions was found to beNGF dependent compatible with NTRK1+ nociceptor status. LSB3inociceptors expressed high levels of TUJ1, ISL1, BRN3A (FIG. 7A-C) asshown previously, in addition to glutamate (FIG. 7C). Glutamateproduction was consistent with an excitatory glutamatergic neuron, i.e.a nociceptive afferent fiber that releases glutamate, and the capsaicinreceptor TRPV1 (FIG. 7D), an important ion channel for noxious stimulus.On day 15 in culture two distinct growth processes could be identifiedfor each neuron (FIG. 7E, FIG. 12).

The dendrite marker MAP2 was expressed primarily in one of the twoprocesses in a polarized fashion (FIG. 7F). The bipolar nature of theneurons was in agreement with the role of sensory neuron in theperipheral ganglia with the cell body is located in the dorsal rootganglion projecting processes both towards the spinal cord and towardsthe periphery (Woolf, et al., Neuron 55, 353-364, (2007); George, etal., Nat Neurosci 10, 1287-1293, (2007), herein incorporated byreference).

In the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurons were culturedlong-term (for example, cells passaged day 10 and cultured up to day30). LSB was withdrawn on day 5, 3i withdrawn from cells on day 10 whenNGF/GDNF/BDNF were added into medium. The neurons were fed NGF/GDNF/BDNFfrom day 10 up to day 30. On Day 30, the number of days from initial LSBtreatment, the neurons was observed to have started to self-organizeinto ganglia-like structures. This type of morphology is common toperipheral sensory neurons (Marmigere, et al., Nat Rev Neurosci 8,114-127, (2007), herein incorporated by reference) (FIGS. 7G, H, and I).

Mature nociceptors are typically either peptidergic or non-peptidergicdepending on expression of neuropeptides, such as calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) and Substance P (a neuropeptide) expressed bypeptidergic sensory neurons, (Woolf, et al., Neuron 55, 353-364. (2007),herein incorporated by reference). In contrast, non-peptidergic neuronsdo not express CGRP nor Substance P and have other markers such asbinding to the lectin IB₄.

Therefore, LSB3i induced neurons were sorted for NTRK1 expression (seemethods described above), using FACs, into NTRK1+ and NTRK1− populations(for example of a sorted cell, see, FIG. 7G. NTRK1+ cells were positivefor both Substance P and CGRP indicating primarily a peptidergicnociceptors phenotype (FIGS. 7H and I; day 30 of differentiation).

A primary functional hallmark of sensory neuron identity (i.e. function)is their electrophysiological signature (Fang, et al., J Physiol 565,927-943, (2005), herein incorporated by reference). NTRK1+ sortedneurons were also tested by standard electrophysiology techniques forcultured neurons (Placantonakis, et ad. Stem Cells. 2009, FIG. 5 has anexample, herein incorporated in its entirety)

NTRK1+ cells exhibited a characteristic single action potential (AP),electrophysiological signature, firing pattern with an average membraneresting potential of 67±4 mV by day 21 after initial LSB3i treatment.The resulting AP timing and shape of action curve in LSB3i human neuronsare shown in FIG. 7J, see thick red line) and Table 1 below. Theseresults were similar to those described previously inelectrophysiological reports of primary anaesthetized adult ratnociceptors (Fang, et al., J Physiol 565, 927-943, (2005), hereinincorporated by reference).

TABLE 1 Electrophysiology of human LSB3i Cultured Cells compared to ratnociceptive and non-nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurones in vivo.LSB3i Nociceptor Mechanoreceptor Action Potential Cells Cells* Cells*Duration at base 9.5 6 2 (milli-second; ms) Rise time 3.8 2 0.8(milli-second; ms) Fall Time, Tussman 5.8 3.5 1 and Misc. (milli-second;ms) Overshoot 29 22.5 5 (milli -volt; mV) 80% Recovery 15.1 21 5(milli-second; ms) *Fang, et al., J Physiol 565.3: 927-943 (2005).

VI. Global Gene Expression Analysis Shows an Exemplary Timing of GeneExpression.

The following example describes using exemplary methods for determiningglobal gene expression of nociceptor cells and other cells typesproduced by methods described herein.

Global gene expression analysis was performed at fine temporalresolution (days 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15, NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) accession number GSE26867; for both LSB and LSB3i treated hPSCs tofurther characterize the timing of events (i.e. marker expression)during the induced differentiation process. When select markers forneuroectoderm, neural crest, neurons, and nociceptors were analyzed (seeTable 2 below), distinct phases of differentiation for each could beobserved (FIG. 10).

TABLE 2 Gene expression assigned to specific phases of differentiationduring directed differentiation after contact with LSB-3i. See also,FIG. 10A. Phases of Differentiation Genes Expressed Neurectoderm PAX6,OTX2, DLK1, DKK1, CUZD1 Neural Crest SOX10, MSX1, ID2, AP2B, ETS1, FOXD3Neuron NGN1, DCX, TUBB3, SYT4, STMN2, INA, GAP43, ISL1, POU4F1Nociceptor TAC1, VGLUT2, SLC15A3

This gene expression analysis (FIG. 10B,C and Table 2 above) wasconsistent with the majority of immunofluorescence results. For example,gene analysis showed that in maturing neurons, ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A),SOX10, TAC1 (pro-peptide to Substance P), NTRK1, and the glutamatevesicular transporter VGLUT2 genes were all upregulated (i.e. the numberof cells in culture increased the expression of these markers overtime). Concurrently while these markers were observed to be increased oninduced cells, markers for hESC-derived primitive neuroectoderm wereobserved to be downregulated (i.e. expressed on fewer cells in culture),in particular DLK1, LHX2, OTX2, LEFTY2, PAX6, and HES5.

However, expression of somatostatin (SST) and SOX10 was found at day 15in LSB3i treated cell cultures, which is expected to be expressed inmature nociceptors. However, SST was also shown expressed in developingsensory neurons. Therefore, the inventors contemplated that this markerwas indicating the presence of immature cells at day 15. Though somewhatdown-regulated, SOX10 expression was also observed at a time when mostcells appeared to be neurons. This finding was unexpected since SOX10was expected to be downregulated as the cells differentiate intoneurons. This unexpected discovery of SST and SOX10 expression in cellsof day 15 cultures was contemplated as not all of the become nociceptorscells, approximately 20-30%. This indicated that other mature cell types(such as Schwann cells) continue to express SOX10.

hESC-derived primitive neuroectoderm cell cultures produced by dual SMADinhibition in Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009); Fasano, etal., Cell Stem Cell 6, 336-347, (2010), each of which are hereinincorporated by reference), demonstrated high expression of DLK1, LHX2,OTX2, LEFTY2, PAX6, and HES5 genes. Likewise, similar high expressionfor these genes was observed when hESC-derived primitive neuroectodermcell cultures were produced by dual SMAD inhibition using LSB (see FIG.10B,C and Table 3 below). These genes were reduced during LSB3itreatment while producing nociceptors during the development of thepresent inventions.

TABLE 3 Timing of gene expression during directed differentiation withLSB-3i compared to LSB. LSB-3i Differentiation compared to LSB controlGenes upregulated Genes downregulated Day 7 ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1SOX10, NTRK1, and the glutamate vesicular transporter VGLUT2 Day 9 ISL1,POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1 and PAX6 SOX10, NTRK1, and the glutamate vesiculartransporter VGLUT2 Day 15 ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1, LHX2, SOX10, TAC1(pro-peptide to OTX2, LEFTY2, Substance P), and the glutamate PAX6, andHES5 vesicular transporter VGLUT2

In addition, the temporal transcriptome analysis provided furtherevidence for nociceptor intermediate cell fates, distinct frommechanoceptor cells and proprioceptor cells. The neurogenin basichelix-loop-helix proteins mediate two sequential waves of neurogenesisin the dorsal root ganglia during mouse development (Marmigere, et al.,Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 114-127, (2007); Ma, et al., Genes Dev 13, 1717-1728(1999), herein incorporated by reference). The first wave, marked byNEUROG2 (Neurogenin-2) gives rise to mechanoceptor cells andproprioceptor cells, and the second marked by NEUROG1 (Neurogenin-1)gives rise to nociceptor cells. When hPSCs are treated with LSB, NEUROG2expression is strongly induced by day 7 (FIG. 10C and Table 4 below). Incontrast, hPSCs treated with LSB3i show a less pronounced induction ofNEUROG2 by day 7 but selective induction of NEUROG1 by day 9 (FIG. 10C).

TABLE 4 Timing of gene expression during directed differentiation withLSB-3i compared to LSB. neurogenin basic helix-loop-helix genesexpressed in treated hPSCs Day 7 Day 9 LSB-3i No difference in NEUROG1NEUROG1 induction compared to LSB control cells No change in % of cellsNo change in % of cells expressing NEUROG2 expressing NEUROG2 LSBcontrol No difference in NEUROG1 No difference in NEUROG1 NEUROG2induction Downregulation of NEUROG2

VII. Contemplated Large Scale Culture Using Compositions and Methods ofthe Present Inventions for Providing Exemplary Nociceptor Cells.

The following contemplated description shows exemplary methods and usesfor large-scale production of nociceptor cells produced by methodsdescribed herein.

The scalable generation (i.e. methods contemplated to be successful forgenerating nociceptor cells from both cultures containing a relativelysmall number of cells, for example, 1.5×10⁴ cells/well of 48 well platessuch as described in Examples, supra), and contemplated 5×10³ cells/wellin 96 well plate, up to large batch cultures of hPSC derivednociceptors, (for example, 1×10⁷-1×10⁸ cells in batches of 18 15 cmdishes (approximately 5.5×10⁷ cells), using LSB3i. These methods arecontemplated to provide hPSC derived nociceptor cells for use in testingcompounds for use in basic biology studies and for drug discoveryapplicable to medical applications in humans and animals. In particular,the inventors' contemplate the use of compositions and methods of thepresent inventions for treatments to reduce acute and chronic pain inhumans and animals.

In particular, large batch cultures are contemplated wherein exemplary1×10⁸-1×10⁹ hPSC cells are grown in batch embryoid body cultures usingculture medium and exemplary compounds as described herein for providingexemplary nociceptor cells, for example, peptidergic nociceptor cells,in exemplary nonlimiting ranges of 7×10⁷-7×10⁸ (wherein a 70% efficiencyof nociceptor cell harvest is contemplated). Exemplary nociceptor cellsare contemplated to express genes (i.e. rRNA and protein) identifyingnociceptor cells, such as TAC1, VGLUT2, and SLC15A3. Exemplarynociceptor cells are contemplated to express identification markers,such as ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1, Substance P, CGRP, etc.

In summary, the inventors' contemplate using compositions and methods ofthe present inventions to provide novel platforms in basic biology anddrug discovery for the study and treatment of conditions associated withnociceptor cells, in particular pain, in humans and animals.

VIII. Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells:LSB-Mel, LDN-193189, SB431542, CHIR99021, EDNR3 and BMP

Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells found predominantly in theepidermis where they establish a photo-protective barrier againstUV-irradiation induced DNA damage. Defects in melanocyte biology areassociated with a number of pigmentation disorders including albinism,vitiligo, and piebaldism. Melanocytes are the cell-of-origin formalignant melanoma. However, understanding/treatment of these disordersis limited by the lack of experimental systems suitable for the study ofhuman melanocytes in vitro.

During the development of the present inventions, a protocol wasdiscovered that caused the rapid and highly efficient differentiation ofhuman pluripotent cells into both neural cell precursors and neuralcrest (NC) precursors. Because skin melanocytes derive from neural crestcell precursors, the inventors discovered ways to use LSB-C derivedneural crest cell lineage cells in order to direct differentiation alongthe melanocyte lineage into mature melanocytes.

In other words, pluripotent ESCs (embryonic stem cells) were induced tobecome neural crest precursor cells (LSB-C) which were induced to becomemelanocyte progenitors then induced to become differentiatedmelanocytes. This progression was modeled as a progressive specificationalong the melanocytic lineage, from pluripotent ESCs through neuralcrest precursor, towards more committed melanocyte progenitors beforeestablishing a terminally differentiated state (see, schematic whichshows an exemplary markers for each of these stages in FIG. 16). Theinventors contemplate the use of these directed differentiatedmelanocytes in novel assays for identifying molecular mechanisms ofmelanocyte development. In particular, the inventors contemplate assaysthat use these directed differentiated melanocytes in combination with arecently established approach for deriving patient-specific inducedpluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This novel directed differentiatedmelanocytes are contemplated to generate assays for melanocyte-relatedmodels of human disease, such as including albinism, vitiligo,piebaldism, melanoma, and malignant melanoma, etc.

A. Derivation of Neural Crest from Human ESCs (a First Step in DirectedDifferentiation for Producing Melanocytes).

Melanocytes arise from a transient, migratory population of cells uniqueto vertebrates known as the neural crest (NC) that arises duringgastrulation at the border between the neural and non-neural ectoderm.The multipotent neural crest differentiates into an extensive range ofderivatives determined, in part, by the anatomic location (axial level)of the NC cell.

Considerable evidence in the literature identified Wnt, BMP, and TGF-βsignaling as key requirements in early neural crest specification. Ofthese, the two latter pathways are actively inhibited by the smallmolecule treatment of a dual SMAD inhibition protocol. As describedherein, the inventors discovered that BMP and TGF-β signaling wereoptimized for neural crest induction through early withdrawal of theirrespective inhibitors. Further, as described herein, the use of a smallmolecule GSK3β inhibitor (CHIR99021) which in turn activated Wntsignaling was discovered to produce populations expressing neural creststem cell markers when added to LSB treated cells at Day 2 of treatment.Thus a modified dual SMAD inhibition protocol combining optimizedsignaling for all three pathways was used on the Sox10::GFP cell lineand found to enhance the induction of Sox10::GFP expressing neural crestto 65% of the population (LSB-C treatment).

B. Lineage Specification and Isolation of Neural Crest-DerivedMelanoblasts.

The Sox10::GFP expressing NC derived with LSB-C was then tested fircompetency to differentiate along the melanocyte lineage. Through theidentification of cells co-expressing Sox10::GFP and MITF, a markerexpressed in but not unique to the melanocyte lineage, the presence ofputative melanocyte precursors was confirmed at day 11 of the modifieddifferentiation protocol (LSB-C) (FIG. 13A).

A cell surface marker was needed that would allow identification ofmelanocyte lineages in order to further optimize the induction of thesecell populations and subsequently isolate or purify specific types ofmelanocyte precursors. After a literature search, c-kit was identifiedas a candidate marker for presumptive melanocyte precursors. Markers forc-kit tested on the Sox10::GFP+ cells confirmed the presence of a lowpercentage (approximately 9%) of Sox10::GFP/c-kit co-expressing cells(FIG. 13B) that greatly enriched for the expression of early melanocytemarkers (FIG. 13C). Further optimization of the differentiation protocolrevealed that the abundance of Sox10::GFP/c-kit double positive cellswere increased nearly four-fold through additional treatment with BMP4and Endothelin-3 (LSB-Mel, FIG. 13D-E), two factors implicated inmelanocyte specification.

C. Expansion and Maturation of Melanocytes.

The inventors discovered that presumptive melanocyte precursors can bematured to a pigmented state following as little as six additional daysin culture post-sort (FIG. 14A-B). Surprisingly, the inventors' observedthat both Sox10::GFP/c-kit double positive and single positivepopulations for each of the two markers gave rise to pigmented cells,although with different kinetics (FIG. 14C), indicating a lineagehierarchy between the three populations (cKit−/SOX10−, cKit−/SOX10−,cKit−/SOX10+). The identification of these 3 melanocyte lineage cellswas contemplated to allow the isolation of differentiation intermediatesalong the melanocyte lineage.

With the use of these melanocyte precursor cells the optimal maturationconditions capable of inducing and supporting cells which possess maturemelanocyte phenotypes was identified using a large number of compoundscontemplated to support such maturation. Melanocyte characteristicsevaluated included induction of spindle morphology, pigmentation, andmelanosome formation.

The inventors discovered that addition of BMP4 and cAMP to the culturemedium promoted a mature spindle-like morphology and pigmentation (FIG.14D). Pure cultures of melanocytes were obtained when cells werepropagated for eight weeks (long-term) in culture media containing SCF,EDN3. FGF, Wnt (CHIR), BMP4, and cAMP on the basis of expression of themature melanocyte markers MITF, SOX10, Tyrp1, and HMB45 (FIG. 15A). Adark pellet was observed when long-term LSB-MEL cells were centrifugedto estimate pigment concentration (FIG. 15B). Electron microscopicultrastructural characterization of mature melanocytes revealed thepresence of numerous darkly pigmented melanosomes in the cytoplasm ofLSB-Mel derived melanocytes (FIG. 15C) at various developmental stages(FIG. 15D).

D. Melanocytes are Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells:LSB-Melanocytes (LSB-Mel).

The following describes exemplary compositions and methods for providingmelanocytes for use in related disease modeling.

A Sox10::GFP Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) human embryonic stemcell (hESC) reporter line was generated that allowed monitoring ofneural crest cell induction in vitro as this cell line responds tocontact with small molecules. Sox10 was the most robust early marker ofmultipotent neural crest stem cells and was also found expressed in someneural crest derivatives, including melanocyte progenitors. Thisreporter system was used to prospectively identify and isolate neuralcrest populations in the development of a directed differentiationscheme in order to produce melanocyte cultures with higher purity andnumbers than obtained with previous maturation schemes (FIG. 14. LSB-C).

In a dual SMAD) inhibition protocol (Chambers, et al. Nat. Biotech.(2009), herein incorporated by reference), human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs) treated with two small molecules to inhibit SMAD signalingefficiently produced CNS neural tissues. Additionally when hESC wasplated at lower densities, low levels of spontaneous neural crest cellinduction was observed (for example, approximately 3% Sox10::GFP+ neuralcrest type cells were observed). However, for use in research and formedical studies, larger numbers of neural crest type cells were needed.Further, for melanocyte research, a purer population with larger numbersof cells were necessary that were not provided with the low levelspontaneous differentiation.

During the development of the present inventions the inventorsdiscovered methods to optimize the dual SMAD inhibition protocol forneural crest induction in a manner that would produce highly pure yieldsof melanocyte precursors, maturing melanocytes and mature melanocytes.

Specifically, the following time line of culturing conditions wasdeveloped that produced melanocytes of the present inventions: Feed onDay 0 and 1 with LDN and SB (using the same concentration ranges as LDNand SB in methods comprising 3i); Feed on Day 2 with LDN, SB, CHIR(using the same concentration ranges as LDN, SB, and CHIR in methodscomprising 3i as described herein); In one embodiment, Feed on Day 3with SB, CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as SB and CHIR inmethods comprising 3i as described herein), in another embodiment Feedon Day 3 with LDN, SB, CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as LDN,SB, and CHIR in methods comprising 3i as described herein); Feed on Day4 and 5 CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as CHIR in methodscomprising 3i as described herein); Feed on Day 6 to 11 CHIR, BMP4, andEDN3 (using the same concentration ranges as CHIR in methods comprising3i as described herein, see concentration ranges below for BMP4 andEDN3). On day 11 cells were passaged and fed with MEL media (includingCHIR) up to 8 weeks.

MEL media enriched for melanocytes such that by 8 weeks the cellcultures showed up to 100% of apure population. Thus this LSB-MELmethod/protocol had a high efficiency of melanocyte production. Theinventors also discovered during the development of melanocytes thatLinoleic Acid was at least one required ingredient in the MEL medium(see, FIG. 16).

During the development of melanocytes, multiple precursor stages wereobserved in the following order: neural crest stem cell, embryonicglial-melanoblast stem cell, adult melanocyte stem cell, melanocyte,see, exemplary schematic in FIG. 13.

FIG. 13. Specification and isolation of melanocyteprogenitors/melanoblasts.

The 11-day LSB-C protocol supported the derivation of Sox10::GFP, MITFco-expressing melanocyte progenitors (A, right panel). MITF singlepositive populations was observed (A, left panel). c-Kit was identifiedas a potential marker of melanocyte progenitors. A low percentage ofSox10::GFP, c-kit co-expressing cells were observed after LSB-Cdifferentiation (B, orange population). qRT-PCR analysis confirmed theenrichment of melanocyte markers MITFM (a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucinezipper protein) and Det (Dopachrome tautomerase (dopachromedelta-isomerase, tyrosine-related protein 2)) in the double positivepopulation (C). Treatment with BMP4 and EDN3 (“LSB-Mcl”) enhancedinduction of the Sox10::GFP, c-kit double positive putative melanocyteprogenitor population (D). Sox10::GFP, c-kit double positive cellsisolated following LSB-Mel treatment exhibited significantly higherlevels of melanocyte markers MITFM and Dct (E). Error bars represents.e.m. * p<0.05.

FIG. 14. Expansion and Maturation of Melanocyte Precursors.

Summary of differentiation conditions (A). Following specification inLSB-C conditions with BMP4 and EDN3 (LSB-Mcl) cells were sorted at day11 and replated. Post-sort (PS) cells were maintained in maturationmedia containing c-kit ligand (SCF), endothelin 3 (EDN3), fibroblastgrowth factor (FGF), and Wnt activators. Pigmented cells observed bybrightfield microscopy at day 6 PS were positive for the melanocytemarker MITF but appeared to have downregulated the Sox10::GFP reporter(B). All populations except the Sox10::GFP, c-kit double negativeeventually gave rise to MITF expressing cells and macroscopic pigmentedclusters, but at differing rates (C). Treatment with BMP4 and cAMPenhanced the differentiation into pigmented cells exhibiting aspindle-like morphology typical of melanocytes (D).

FIG. 15. Characterization of Mature Melanocytes.

Pure populations of mature melanocytes derived with the LSB-Mel protocolmaintain the expression of common melanocyte markers including MITF,Sox10, Tyrp1 (Tyrosinase-related protein 1), and HMB45 after greaterthan 8 weeks in culture (A). Melanocytes retain their darkly pigmentedphenotype over several weeks in passage (1). 1×10⁶ cells were pelletedand photographed to assess pigmentation levels. Electron microscopicultrastructural characterization of mature melanocytes (C, D). Thepresence of numerous darkly pigmented melanosomes in the cytoplasm ofLSB-Mcl derived melanocytes were observed by TEM (C). Note the presenceand progressive deposition of melanin pigment with the maturation ofmelanosome vesicles from stages I through IV (D).

Therefore, the inventors demonstrated that a dual SMAD inhibitionprotocol, LSB, rapidly and efficiently generated Sox10::GFP expressingneural crest populations from human embryonic stem cells. This modifiedprotocol supported the induction of low levels of melanocyteprogenitors, which were prospectively identified and isolated by c-kitexpression. Induction of these cells was further enhanced throughtreatment with BMP4 and EDN3. Melanocyte progenitors were subsequentlymatured to a pigmented state following additional culture in vitro inthe presence of BMP4 and cAMP.

Cell Medium for LSB-MEL: Mel-1 Media: NeuroBasal Invitrogen 21103049 50%DMEM Low Glucose Invitrogen 11885 30% MCDB201 Sigma M6770 20% B27Invitrogen 17504-044  2% ITS Sigma I314  1% Linoleic Acid-BSA SigmaL9530  1% L-glut Gibco 25030-164 250 nM Dexamethasone Sigma D2915 0.05uM Cholera Toxin Sigma C8052 50 ng/ml L-AA Sigma A5960 100 uM SCFPeprotech 300-07 50 ng/ml EDN3 American Peptide Company 100 nM 88-5-10BFGF2 R&D 233-FB-001MG/CF 4 ng/ml cAMP Sigma D-0260 500 uM BMP4 R&D314-bp 25 ng/ml Chir Stemgent 04-0004 3 uM Day 6-11: BMP4 R&D 314-bp 25ng/ml EDN3 American Peptide Company 100 nM 88-5-10B

Concentration ranges for BMP4 from R&D: used between 10 ng/ml to 100ng/ml (in one embodiment at 25 ng/ml), and EDN from American PeptideCompany is used at 25-300 nM (in one embodiment at 100 nM).

FIG. 16. Shows an exemplary LSB-MEL medium formulation that requiredLinoleic Acid for growth of melanocytes. Medium component shown abovemicroscopic views represent the medium component left out of theformulation; Ph—phase contrast; BF—bright filed. An exemplary schematicshows melanocyte progenitor markers used for identifying cells of thepresent inventions.

Thus the inventors discovered and developed a rapid and defined protocolfor the induction of neural crest in vitro. Further, the inventors usedthis rapid and defined protocol for the induction of neural crest cellsin vitro for developing compositions and methods for directeddifferentiation of these cells into melanocytes. These melanocytes wereunique in their capability for long-term culture and continuousproduction of cumelanin.

Therefore the derivation of melanocytes from human embryonic stem cells(hESCs) is contemplated to provide a valuable tool for furtherinvestigations into melanocyte disease biology.

EXPERIMENTAL

The following examples serve to illustrate certain embodiments andaspects of the present invention and are not to be construed as limitingthe scope thereof. In the experimental disclosures which follow, thefollowing abbreviations apply: N (normal); M (molar); mM (millimolar);μM (micromolar); mol (moles); mmol (millimoles); μmol (micromoles); nmol(nanomoles); pmol (picomoles); g (grams); ml (milligrams); μg(micrograms); ng (nanograms); pg (picograms); L and (liters); ml(milliliters); μl (microliters); cm (centimeters); mm (millimeters); μm(micrometers); nm (nanometers); U (units); min (minute); s and sec(second); deg (degree); pen (penicillin), strep (streptomycin) and ° C.10 (degrees Centigrade/Celsius).

The following formulations describe exemplary cell culture medium foruse in developing embodiments of the present inventions.

hESC Medium for Maintenance (1 Liter):

800 mL DMEM/F12, 200 mL of Knockout Serum Replacement, 5 mL of 200 mML—Glutamine, 5 mL of Pen/Strep, 10 mL of 10 mM MEM minimum non-essentialamino 15 acids solution, 55 μM of 13-mercaptoethanol, and bFGF (finalconcentration is 4 ng/mL).

KSR Medium for hESC Differentiation (1 Liter):

820 mL of Knock out DMEM, 150 mL of Knock out Serum Replacement, 10 mLof 200 mM L-Glutamine, 10 mL of Pen/Strep, 10 mL of 10 mM MEM, and 55 μMof 13-mercaptoethanol.

N2 Medium for hESC Differentiation (1 Liter):

985 ml dist. H₂O with DMEM/F12 powder, 1.55 g of glucose (Sigma, cat.no. G7021), 2.00 g of sodium bicarbonate (Sigma, cat. no. S5761),putrescine (100 uL aliquot of 1.61 g dissolved in 100 mL of distilledwater; Sigma, cat. no. P5780), progesterone (20 uL aliquot of 0.032 gdissolved in 100 mL 100% ethanol; Sigma, cat. no. P8783), sodiumselenite (60 uL aliquot of 0.5 mM solution in distilled water; BioshopCanada, cat. no. SEL888), and 100 mg of transferrin(Celliance/Millipore, cat. no. 4452-01), and 25 mg of insulin (Sigma,cat. no. I6634) in 10 mL of 5 mM NaOH.

Dulbecco's Modification of Eagles Medium (DMEM), with 10% FBS forPreparing PMEF ((Primary Mouse Embryo Fibroblast (PMEF)) Feeder Cells)(1 Liter):

885 mL of DMEM, 100 mL of FBS, 10 ml, of Pen/Strep, and 5 mL ofL-Glutamine.

Alpha Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with 10% FBS for Preparing MS-5Feeder Cell Medium (1 Liter):

890 mL of Alpha MEM, 100 mL of FBS, 10 mL of Pen/Strep Gelatin solution(500 ml): Dissolve 0.5 g of gelatin in 500 ml of warm (50-60° C.)Milli-Q water. Cool to room temperature.

Example I Materials and Methods

The following examples describe exemplary materials and methods usedduring the development of the present inventions.

Cells and Culture Conditions.

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cell (WA-09; passages 32-50) and hiPSClines ((C14, C72: passages 10-20) were cultured with mouse embryonicfibroblasts (MEFs, Globalstem, Rockville, State of Maryland, UnitedStates of America (USA)) pre-plated at 12-15,000 cells/cm². Humaninduced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines were generated as reported(Papapetrou, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, (2009), hereinincorporated by reference). Medium containing Dulbecco's Modified EagleMedium (DMFM)/F12, 20% knockout serum replacement, 1 mM L-glutamine(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, State of California, USA), 100 μM MEMnon-essential amino acids (Invitrogen), and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol(Invitrogen) was made. 6 ng/ml Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2, R&DSystems, Minneapolis, State of Minnesota) was added after sterilefiltration and cells were fed daily and passaged weekly using 6 U/mLdispase (Worthington Biochemical, Lakewood, State of New Jersey, USA).The SOX10::GFP bacterial artificial chromosome cell line was generatedas reported (Placantonakis, et al., Stem Cells 27, 521-532, (2009),herein incorporated by reference).

Neural and Nociceptor Induction.

Neural induction was performed as previously reported (Chambers, et al.,Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated by reference). Briefly,cells were collected then rendered to a single cell suspension usingACCUTASE (Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St. Louis, Mo., USA) and plated on gelatinfor 30 minutes to remove Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) Feeder Cells(MFs) (MEFs adhere to gelatin coated plate). Non-adherent cells werecollected and plated on matrigel treated dishes at a density of20-40,000 cells/cm² in the presence of MEF-conditioned hESC mediacontaining 10 ng/ml FGF-2 and 10 μM Y-27632 (rho-kinase inhibitor—TocrisBioscience). Neural differentiation was initiated when the cells wereconfluent using Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR) media containing 820 mlof Knockout DMEM, 150 ml Knockout Serum Replacement, 1 mM L-glutamine,100 μM MEM non-essential amino acids, and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol. Toinhibit SMAD signaling, 100 nM LDN-193189 and 10 μM SB431542 were addeddaily from day 0 (when SMAD signaling inhibitors LSB were added) throughday 5. Cells were fed daily (i.e. 6 feedings with inhibitors, D0, D1,D2, D3, D4 and D5), and N2 media was added to the initial medium inincreasing 25% increments every other day starting on day 4 (up to 100%N2 on day 10). Nociceptor induction was initiated by the addition of thethree inhibitors (unless otherwise indicated) at 3 μM CHIR99021, 10 μMSU5402, and 10 μM DAPT daily from days 2 through 10. After day 10,long-term culture media consisted of N2 media containing 10-100 ng/mlhuman-β-nerve growth factor (NGF), 10-100 ng/ml brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF), and 10-100 ng/ml glial cell-derivedneurotrophic factor (GDNF).

Microscopy, Antibodies, and Flow Cytometry (FACs).

Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes, washed withphosphate buffered saline (PBS), permeabilized using 0.5% Triton X inPBS, and blocked using 1% BSA (bovine serum albumin) in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS). For glutamate staining, 0.05% glutaraldehyde wasadded to the fixative. Primary antibodies used for microscopy includedPAX6; Paired box gene 6 (aniridia, keratitis) (Covance, Princeton, N.J.,USA), TUJ1; Neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (Covance. Princeton,N.J., USA), Ki67: Antigen KI-67; MK167 (Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St. Louis,Mo, USA), ISL1 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank; DSHB), BRN3A;Brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (Chemicon, Billerica,Mass, USA). RET; Proto-oncogene Tyrosine-protein Kinase Receptor (R&D),RUNX1; Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St.Louis, Mo., USA). MAP2; Microtubule-associated protein 2 (Sigma-AldrichCorp. St. Louis, Mo., United States of America), TRPV1; transientreceptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (Neuromics Inc.,Minneapolis, United States of America), Substance P (Neuromics Inc.,Minneapolis, United States of America), CGRP; Calcitonin gene relatedpeptide (Neuromics Inc., Minneapolis, United States of America). Forflow cytometry, cells were fixed using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit (BDBiosciences Pharmingen), in one embodiment cells were additionally fixedin 4% paraformaldehyde. Primary conjugated antibodies for flow cytometrywere NTRK1 (neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1)-APC (R&DSystems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., USA), Nestin-Alexa647 (BD BiosciencesPharmingen, San Diego, Calif., USA), TUJ1-Alexa488 (BD BiosciencesPharmingen, San Diego, Calif., USA).

Electrophysiology.

Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 (NTRK1)+ sorted cellswere plated on polyornithine/laminin/fibronectin treated glass coverslips on days 10-12 and allowed to mature for an additional 3 weeks inlong term culture media. Cover slips were transferred to an artificialcerebral spinal fluid containing (in mM): 125 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 1.25KH₂PO₄,1 Mg Cl₂, 2 CaCl₂, 25 NaHCO₃, 1.3 ascorbate, 2.4 pyruvate, and 25glucose, bubbled with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) at room temperature. Aninfrared-Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscope (Olympus)equipped with epifluorescence illumination, a charge coupled devicecamera, and two water immersion lenses (×10 and ×60) were used tovisualize and target recording electrodes to the cells. The glassrecording electrodes (7-9 MΩ resistance) were filled with anintracellular solution consisting (in mM, pH 7.25) of 130 mM potassiumgluconate, 16 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM Na₂ATP,0.4 mM Na₃GTP, and 0.2% Alexa-568. Action potential properties atthreshold currents were determined from cell recordings afterapplication of an increasing series of 300-ms current steps of 25 pA.Recordings were collected and analyzed using Axopatch 700B amplifier andpCLAMP10 software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif., United States).

Gene Expression Profiling.

Total RNA was isolated at days 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15 of differentiationof LSB or LSB3i treated hPSCs using Trizol LS. Samples were processed bythe Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) Genomics CoreFacility and hybridized to the Illumina Human HT-12 v4 ExpressionBeadChip. Normalization and model-based expression measurements werecalculated using the Illumina analysis package (LUMI) from theBioconductor project (www.bioconductor.org) with in the statisticalprogramming language R (http://cran.r-project.org/). Expression valuesare log₂ of the fold change. Pair-wise comparison cut-off wassignificant if the multiple test corrected p-value was <0.05.

Quantitative Real-Time PCR.

Total RNA was extracted using an RNeasy kit (Qiagen). For each sample, 1ug of total RNA was treated for DNA contamination and reversetranscribed using the Quantitect RT kit (Qiagen). Amplified material wasdetected using Quantitect SYBR green probes and PCR kit (Qiagen) on aMastercycler RealPlex2 (Eppendorf). All results were normalized to aHPRT control and are from 4-6 technical replicates of 2-3 independentbiological samples at each data point.

Example II Contacting Human Pluripotent Stem Cells with SB431542 andLDN-193189 (LSB) Produced Neural Lineage Cells

The following example describes exemplary methods for providing cells ofa neural lineage for use during development of the present inventions.

Dual SMAD inhibition was previously used as a rapid and highly effectivemethod for inducing one type of neural lineage cells from hPSCs(Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated byreference). These neural lineage cells induced by molecules includingNoggin, had a default pathway that allowed development into centralnervous system cells, i.e. neural cell fate. Follow up studies reportedthe use of a small molecule dorsomorphin (DM) instead of Noggin, that atleast in part produced similar cells with differences in consistency ofcultures (Kim, et al., Robust enhancement of neural differentiation fromhuman ES and iPS cells regardless of their innate difference indifferentiation propensity. Stem Cell Rev 6, 270-281. (2010); Zhou, etal., High-Efficiency Induction of Neural Conversion in hESCs and hiPSCswith a Single Chemical Inhibitor of TGF-beta Superfamily Receptors. StemCells, 504, (2010), herein incorporated by reference).

The inventors observed that cells generated using Noggin despite showingthe same developmental stage as LDN treated cells, expression of thevast majority of the same markers, and capable of a similardevelopmental potential to make various neural lineages, also showeddifferences, such as being more anterior on an anterior-posterior axis(i.e. more forebrain, more cells express FOXG1, and the like) comparedto neural cells induced using LDN. Thus although LDN was used in placeof Noggin to inhibit BMP among other signaling pathways, Noggin and LDNmay have other types of activities which are different, besidesinhibiting BMP.

In part due to the high expense of using Noggin, the inventorscontemplated that the use of a BMP inhibitor might be able to substitutefor Noggin in producing cells of neural cell fate. Therefore, a smallmolecule BMP inhibitor, LDN-193189, (Yu, et al., Nat Med 14, 1363-1369,(2008), herein incorporated by reference) was used and found during thedevelopment of the present inventions to replace Noggin, in combinationwith SB431542, for generating primitive neuroectoderm from hPSCs, cellsthat have neural cell fate, i.e. CNS cells (FIG. 2A). This combinationtreatment was termed LSB for the combination of these two inhibitorsLDN-193189 and SB431542.

Example III Screening Small Molecules Using Neuronal Lineage Cells ofthe Present Inventions Resulted in Compounds that Produced PAX6 Low andTUJ1 High Neuronal Cells

The following example describes using exemplary cells of a neurallineage from Example II for screening small molecule candidate compoundsfor use in directed differentiation.

Specifically, in the context of dual SMAD inhibition (LSB), i.e. humanES cells were first treated with LSB (LDN-193189 and SB431542) forscreening candidate compounds (i.e. small molecules) under approximately400 conditions in order to find combinations of small molecules thatmight accelerate the acquisition of postmitotic neuron markers startingfrom human ES cells. Candidate compounds were chosen from molecules thattargeted (altered) cell signaling pathways known to be important andfrequently used in developmental studies in order to determine cellfates (for example, signaling pathways such as FGF, Notch, WNT, SHH(Sonic Hedgehog), etc.) for determining cells capable of CNSdevelopment. As one example, 4 types of inhibitors (i.e.SU/DAPT/CHIR/Cyclopamine) were tested in different combinations (as fedto cells in cell medium) on different days of LSB treatment. Eachtreatment was then screened on Day 10 for TUJ1/PAX6 expression. As oneexample of a treatment condition: LSB was fed daily, CHIR and SU wereadded to the medium to feed cells daily on days 4-10.

In general, results of screening treatments resulted in large numbers ofcultures containing dead cells. In other words, viable cultureconditions during this screen were found much less frequently thanunviable conditions (i.e. cell death), for example, when SU/DAPT wasadded to early cultures, i.e. prior to day 2. The inventors contemplatedthat CNS stem cells depend on FGF signaling and gamma-secretaseactivity/Notch signaling for survival, therefore when CHIR was absentwhen SU/DAPT induced cells to switch from CNS to neural crest, insteadof switching, the cells died.

On day 10 after addition of LSB, cells that survived during the screenwere monitored for the loss of the human neuroectoderm marker PAX6(Zhang, et al., Cell Stem Cell 7, 90-100. (2010), herein incorporated byreference) and initiation of neuronal differentiation by TUJ1 expression(Lee, et al., Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 17, 118-132, (1990), hereinincorporated by reference). The cells were stained for neurons (TUJ1+)and a loss of neuroectoderm (observation of fewer PAX6+ cells) using anantibody that binds the C-terminus of PX6), by immunofluorescence(immunoF). This screening was done on the numerous combinations ofinhibitors (for example, SU, SL/DAPT, SU/DAPT/CHR, DAPT/CHIR, SU/CHIR,SU/Cyclopamine, etc.) were added in variations of daily feedings oncombinations of days, (for example, days 0-10, 1-10, 2-10, 3-10, etc.).In general, results were determined by observing comparative amounts ofTUJ1−/PAX6− staining of cells generated by each treatment such that theconditions and compounds showing the highest amounts of TUJ1+/PAX6−staining were chosen as successful for providing cells for furtheranalysis. One example of a small molecule that was considered a failureduring the screening test for producing cells that were TUJ1+/PAX6− byimmunostaining of cells was Cyclopamine. Cyclopamine appeared to have noeffect on cells for producing TUJ1/PAX6 staining no matter when it wasadded. In other words, the cell morphology remained similar to thosecells with LSB treatment alone (i.e. >90% PAX6+ and <10% TUJ1+) on day10 by immunofluorescence.

However, during the screen the inventors discovered that a specificcombination of three small molecules (SU5402, CHIR99021, and DAPT;termed 3i for three inhibitors), added on day 2 of LSB treatment (FIGS.6A and B), abolished PAX6 expression and induced TUJ1 in hPSCs at day 10of differentiation (FIGS. 2A and B). This was a surprising discoverybecause at day 2 of LSB treatment the treated cells were not yet knownto have a neural cell late or for having the capability to develop intoa neural cell fate. Instead, 3i treatment directed cells away from aneural cell fate into neural crest cells which were furtherdifferentiated into the nociceptor cells of the present inventions.

The functions for each of these small molecules was then researched inorder to discover which signaling pathways were contemplated to beinvolved in converting a PAX6+TUJ1− human ES cell population into aPAX6-TUJ1− population. First, SU5402 was reported as a potent inhibitorof VEGF, FGF, and PDGF tyrosine kinase signaling (Sun, et al., J MedChem 42, 5120-5130, (1999), herein incorporated by reference). Thus ingeneral it was contemplated that at least one of the small molecules wasinvolved with inhibiting FGFR signally pathways. Secondly, CHIR99021 wasreported as a WNT agonist by selectively inhibition of GSK-3β whichstabilized β-catenin (Bennett, et al., J Biol Chem 277, 30998-31004,(2002), herein incorporated by reference). Thus in general it wascontemplated that at least one of the small molecules was involved withactivating at least one of the WNT signalling pathways through glycogensynthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibition. And thirdly, DAPT was reported asa γ-secretase inhibitor capable of blocking Notch signaling (Dovey, etal., J Neurochem 76, 173-181 (2001), herein incorporated by reference).Thus in general it was contemplated that at least one of the smallmolecules was involved with inhibiting at least one Notch signalingpathway. Thus in one embodiment, one of the small molecules wascontemplated as a nonselective or pan-Notch inhibitor. In anotherembodiment, one of the inhibitors is an inhibitor of γ-secretasemolecules, capable of blocking at least one Notch signaling pathway.Therefore, in one exemplary embodiment, a combination of inhibitorswould include at least one small molecule involved with inhibiting FGFRsignalling pathways, at least one small molecule involved withinhibiting at least one Notch signaling pathway, and at least one smallmolecule involved with inhibiting GSK-3β while activating at least oneof the WNT signalling pathways for producing PAX6-TUJ1+ human neuronalcells of the present inventions. In further embodiments one of theinhibitors was capable of blocking at least one γ-secretase molecule inthe Notch signaling pathway.

Example IV TUJ1+ Neuronal Cells Show a Loss of Expression of CellProliferation Markers

The following example describes an exemplary method for determining thematurational (cell cycle) stage of TUJ1+ neuronal cells.

Upon maturation, neurons produced in culture ceased to undergo mitosiswhile loosing Ki67 and phospho-histone H3 (PHH3), markers of cellproliferation (Gerdes, et al., Int J Cancer 31, 13-20 (1983), hereinincorporated by reference) and G2/M-phases of mitosis (Hendzel, et al.,Chromosoma 106, 348-360 (1997), herein incorporated by reference),respectively. Therefore, cells produced using LSB in combination with 3i(i.e. LSB3i) were passaged to a lower density, approximately 10-10,000cells/cm² and tested for cell proliferation markers, Ki67 andphospho-histone H3 (PHH3), after fixation to better assess expression,in individual cells. In particular, expression of Ki67 was known to be abetter predictor of proliferation. Thus, compared to cells cultured inLSB without 3i compounds, after 12 days fewer cells, 50% and 16%,cultured in the presence of 3i showed a loss of Ki67+ and pHH3+ cells,respectively (FIG. 2 C-F).

Intercellular FACS staining for Nestin, a marker of neural progenitors,and β3-tubulin (TUJ1) a marker of neuronal differentiation, wasperformed to quantify the efficiency (percentage) of neuronaldifferentiation using LSB3i compared to LSB alone as a control inaddition to LSB/CHIR (CHIR99021; C), SU/DAPT (SU5402/DAPT), SU/CHIR(SU5402/CHIR99021), DAPT, SU (SU5402), CHIR (FIG. 2G). In the presenceof LSB, SU/DAPT, DAPT, SU and CHIR, the majority of cells expressedNestin. In particular, >95% of the LSB cell population were Nestin+.Numerous cells showed Nestin staining after dual SMAD inhibition butwere not quantitated while longer term cultured cells, i.e. 19 days,showed TUJ1+ neurons where the majority of these cells co-expressedtyrosine hydroxylase (TH) identifying potential dopaminergic neurons(Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated byreference). Conversely, when LSB contacted cells were contacted 2 dayslater with the 3i compounds, after 10 days approximately 25% of cellsexpressed Nestin while approximately 75% of cells expressed TUJ1,demonstrating efficient conversion to a neuronal cell fate aftershort-term cell culture, i.e. less than 19 days.

Surprisingly, LSB treatment followed 2 days later by contacting cellswith CHIR99021 and either one of DAPT or SU resulted in 50% of the cellpopulation differentiating into TUJ1− cells. When each of the threeinhibitors was used alone after LSB treatment, 20% or fewer cells wereTUJ1+. Therefore CHIR99021 was discovered as the key contributor todirected differentiation of this cell population into TUJ1− neuronalcells. The inventors contemplated directed differentiation of nestin+TUJ1− cells into nestin−TUJ1− neuronal cells was dependent on inhibitionof GSK-33 while activating at least one of the WNT signalling pathwaysin addition to inhibiting either FGF receptor pathways or a gammasecrease within a Notch signalling pathway. Further, the addition of the3i compounds resulted in a conversion of an additional 25% nestin−TUJ1+neuronal cells, see, FIG. 2G.

In summary, the neuronal population derived from a preferred embodimentof 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatment was further examined. Thispopulation showed high expression of the neuronal marker TUJ1 comparedto cells treated with LSB alone (FIG. 2A,B) as well as loss of Ki67(FIG. 2C,D). Loss of Ki67 indicates reduction in cell cycle which ischaracteristic of post-mitotic differentiated neurons. Additionally,FACS analysis revealed that over 75% of the cell population treated witha preferred composition consisting of LSB and 3i expressed TUJ1 comparedto 99% of the population treated with LSB alone which expressed Nestin,a progenitor marker (FIG. 2G).

Example V TUJ1+ Neurons were Surprisingly Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) Cells Instead of Expected Central Nervous System (CNS) Cells

The following example describes an exemplary method for identifying thetype of TUJ1 positive neuron produced during the development of thepresent inventions.

To further characterize the subtype of neurons obtained from a preferredembodiment of 3i treatment 2 days after LSB treatment, the TUJ1 positivepopulation was stained for markers of various neuronal subtypes.Specifically, the dual-SMAD-inhibition protocol was known to generatePAX6− neuroepithelial cells biased towards anterior forebrain identityexpressing FOXG1 (Forkhead box protein G1) (Chambers, et al., NatBiotechnol 27, (2009), herein incorporated by reference). Therefore, inorder to determine the neuronal subtype identity following LSB3itreatment, cells were passaged to a lower density, approximately10-100,000 cells/cm² at day 10 and assessed for a range of markerexpression at day 12

Since the expected neuronal type was a CNS fate, the majority of initialmarkers tested were for identification of CNS type cells. In fact, a CNSforebrain neuron was expected since LSB cells default to this subtype(PAX6, FOXG1 positive). Surprisingly, at least 12 negative results (anexemplary 10 are shown below) for CNS markers were obtained beforestaining for ISL1, a marker for PNS cells, was discovered. ISL1 isexpressed by motoneurons and peripheral sensory neurons. BRN3Aexpression was tested and found to be expressed by LSB/3i cells.Therefore, the inventors discovered BRN3A−/ISL1+ neurons which indicateddevelopment of peripheral sensory neurons, see Table A, below.

TABLE A The following list of genes/proteins that represent numerous CNSfate molecules that were expected to be positive (expressed) on cellsusing the LDN/3i induced differentiation as described herein. However,these results showed an exemplary lack of CNS markers, results whichwere supported by the subsequent finding of potential markers for PNSlineage, i.e. ISL1 and BRN3A. Gene/Protein Marks (neuron type) Result(IF or FACS) FOXG1 Forebrain Negative FOXA2 Midbrain Negative TBR1Cortical Negative PAX6 Forebrain Negative AADC Dopamine Negative THDopamine Negative DCX Pan-neuronal >75%, costained with TUJ1 NestinProgenitors <25%, counterstained with TUJ1 ChAT Cholinergic NegativeGAD65 GABA Negative Reelin Cortical and Positive juvenile neurons GABAGABA Negative MASH1 Autonomic Negative BRN3A Peripheral sensory PositiveISL1 Motoneurons, Positive Peripheral sensory

Surprisingly, homogenous expression of ISL1 and BRN3A (red/darker areaswithin cells) (FIGS. 3A and B) were observed on TUJ1+ cells(green/lighter cell bodies compared to red staining) of the presentinventions. ISL1 and BRN3A are key markers for sensory neurons (ISL1:Sun, et al., Nat Neurosci 11, 1283-1293, (2008); BRN3A: Gerrero, et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 10841-10845 (1993), all of which are hereinincorporated by reference). This discovery indicated that the neuronsthat resulted from LSB3i treatment were PNS rather than CNS cells. Theseresults were in contrast to LSB cells that default to a CNS forebrainneuron subtype (PAX6−, FOXG1 positive). This is quite a unexpectedfinding as the high con fluency of the stem cells upon initiation of thetreatment, as represented by plating density, according to the teachingsof the prior art, should have resulted in CNS derived neuronalpopulations. However, nociceptors are derived from neural crest cellpopulations which, according to the teachings of the prior art, arederived from low confluency of the stem cells upon initiation of thetreatment, as represented by plating density. In other words, theexpectation was that a high initial plating density >20,000 cells/cm² ofpluripotent stem cells at the time of initiation of LSB treatment wouldresult in a committed CNS neuronal population. In contrast, a lowinitial plating density approximately 10,000 cells/cm² was known to benecessary to result in neural crest cells (Chambers et al, NatureBiotech, 2009 (See lower half of FIG. 4), herein incorporated byreference in its entirety).

Example VI Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Neurons were Discovered to beEarly Stage Nociceptor Cells

The following example describes using exemplary methods for determiningwhich type(s) of peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons were producedusing methods described herein.

It was not known what type(s) of PINS neurons were produced by themethods described herein as there were several types of candidateneurons, such as sensory neurons and motor neurons, and further therewere at least three major subsets of known sensory neurons in the PNSincluding proprioceptor cells, mechanoceptor cells, and nociceptorcells.

During development, early stage nociceptors were both peptidergic andnonpeptidergic and uniquely expressed NTRK1, RUNX1, followed by RETexpression (for an example of information on RET, see, Woolf, et al.,Neuron 55, 353-364, (2007), herein incorporated by reference). Duplicateearly stage LSB3i-cultures with TUJ1+ neurons were tested for RETexpression (FIG. 3C), and discovered to be positive for this marker(red/darker areas within cells in the larger box compared to TUJ1+staining (green/lighter cell bodies compared to RET staining) andlighter stained areas within inserted RET box). (FIG. 3D), and greaterthan 60% of all cells in culture expressed NTRK1 when measured by FACSat day 10 (FIG. 3E).

In summary, this population was positive for expression of ISL1, BRN3A,RET, and RUNX1 (FIG. 3A-D) indicating the production of early stagenociceptors (both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic). FACS analysisrevealed that greater than 60% of these neurons were positive for NTRK1(FIG. 3E). These markers collectively indicate that the neuronalpopulation are peripheral sensory neurons, in particular nociceptors.

Therefore a preferred embodiment of the combination of LSB with 3itreatment on day 2 results in unexpected formation of neural crestderived populations, namely nociceptors.

Further, the inventors combined information from several tests,including initial immunofluorescence results, i.e., BRN3A+, ISL1+, arraydata, i.e. TAC1 (Substance P) expression, then choosing a NTRK1 markerand finding NTRK1+ cells, in addition to observations described hereinwhere cells obtained by LSB/3i treatment transitioned through neuralcrest and transiently expressing Neurogenin1 (NEUROG1) instead ofdifferentiating into a CNS fate. Thus the inventors contemplated thatthe resulting PNS cell was most likely a peptidergic nociceptor.

Example VII LSB3i Treatment is Reproducible

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for determining reproducibility.

To establish the generality of the present invention, the inventorsrepeated a preferred embodiment of the present invention combining 3itreatment 2 days after LSB treatment using hiPSC as the source of stemcells. Reproducibility of LSB3i treatment was accessed across additionalhPSC lines including induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Thecurrent art describes any number of methods to produce hiPSC and will beknown to those skilled in the art. In particular, two hiPSC lines (C14and C72) were used that were generated by inserting genes such as Oct4(octamer-binding transcription factor 4), Sox2 (SRY (sex determiningregion Y)-box 2), Klf4 (Kruppel-like factor 4), and c-Myc (Transcriptionfactor p64) and shown to efficiently neuralize (see, (Papapetrou, etal., Proc Natl Acad Sci., USA 106, (2009), herein incorporated byreference)).

PAX6 expression was then examined by ImmunoF. LSB and LSB3i treatment ofC14 and C72 cell lines showed similar neuronal staining results whencompared to human cell lines shown in FIG. 3A-D. Exemplary C14 stainingresults are shown in FIG. 4A-D while exemplary C72 staining results areshown in FIG. 8A-D for ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1 and TUJ1, as describedabove.

LSB treatment of C14 and C72 cell lines homogeneously gave rise toNestin positive cells (>95% of the treated cell population) and werecapable of forming TUJ+ cells when treated with combination of LSB3i asmeasured by FACS (40% for C14 and 33% for C72; FIG. 4E). These resultswere compared to H9 cell line (i.e. a hESC line) treated with LSB andLSB3i shown for LSB and LSB3i results in (FIG. 4E). Even higher neuronyields, from 40% and 33% measured by FACS, became >90% of nucleistaining are neurons when sorted on NTRK1 were obtained in those twohiPSC lines upon passaging of bulk cultures into culture vessels coatedwith Matrigel™ containing N2 media after sorting on NTRK1 (Neurotrophictyrosine kinase receptor type 1) marker expression. Cells weredisaggregated with accutase, re-suspended in N2, and incubated on icewith APC-conjugated NTRK1 antibody (R&D) for 15 minutes, washed, andre-suspended in N2 for FACS. After sorting the cells were cultured for24 hours in N2 media, and fixed in place. Cells were collected andstained for BRN3A, ISL1, TUJ1 and DAPI. In particular, numerous Nestin−cells (red/dark staining) are shown for both C14 and C72 NTRK1− cellsfrom LSB3i treated cells compared to few Nestin+ cells in therepresentative NTRK1+ LSB3i treated cell population (FIG. 9). Further,while few C14 NTRK1− cells expressed TUJ1 cell line C27 showed a highernumber of NTRK1− TUJ1+(green; bright staining). Both cell lines showedhigh numbers of Nestin−TUJ1+ cells as observed compared to cell bodiesidentified by DAPI (blue; light nuclear) staining.

In summary, hiPSC cells plated at a high confluency treated with LSBfollowed by 3i on day 2 resulted in the formation of neuronal cellspositive for the nociceptor markers ISL1, BRN3A, RET, and RUNX1 (FIGS.4A-D, FIGS. 8A-D and FIG. 9.

Example VIII CHIR99021 (C) is the Key Factor for Inducing NeuronalDifferentiation from LSB Cultured Cells (I.e. LSB-C)

The following example describes using exemplary methods for testing theefficacy of each compound for inducing directed neuronaldifferentiation.

In order to gain mechanistic insights into the sufficiency of eachcompound found to associated with the induction of TUJ1+ cells ofExample II, specific combinations of 3i compounds were tested forinducing cellular expression of Nestin and TUJ1 as measured usingintercellular FACS (shown in FIG. 1G). Nestin was used as a marker ofthe LSB neural lineage cells while TUJ1 was used to identify adownstream (i.e. more differentiated) neuronal cell.

Although none of the individual factors yielded high numbers (greaterthan 60%) of TUJ1− neurons, CHIR99021 in combination with either one ofthe other two signal inhibition factors was capable of generatingmoderate numbers of TUJ1+ neurons (53% for DAPT and 58% for SU5402).These data indicate that under the test conditions used herein,CHIR99021 was the key factor for accelerating neuronal differentiationwhile SU5402 and DAPT provided important, yet additive stimuli.

Additionally, all 3 components of the 3i composition are required forthe maximum yield of differentiated neurons (FIG. 2G).

Example IX Artificial SOX10+ Cells are Capable of Producing NociceptorCells

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for directed differentiation of engineered SOX10− GFPexpressing human cells.

Nociceptor cells are contemplated to arise from two types of cellintermediates during human development: specifically SOX10− chick embryoneural crest cells were found to be capable of generating trunknociceptor cells flanking the spinal cord (George, et al., Nat Neurosci10:1287-1293, (2007), herein incorporated by reference). Additionally,Xenopus laevis head placode tissue contributed to the trigeminalnociceptor cell population in facial tissue (Schlosser, et al., J CompNeurol 418:121-146, (2000); Schlosser, et al., Dev Biol 294:303-351,(2006), herein incorporated by reference).

Thus, in order to determine if a neural crest intermediate cell fatemarked by SOX10 (Aoki, et al., Dev Biol 259, 19-33, (2003); Lee, et al.,Nat Biotechnol 25, 1468-1475, (2007), herein incorporated by reference)in human cells would be observed during differentiation using atransgenic SOX10::GFP bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) hPSC line.This SOX10::GFP (BAC) cell line was generated with enriched neural crestgene markers that co-expressed with a GFP gene using methods previouslyreported (Placantonakis. et al., Stem Cells 27:521-532, (2009), hereinincorporated by reference). The SOX10:GFP cell line was a sub-clone ofthe H9 hESC line. Cells were dissociated and gene delivery was performedusing reagents (solution V), protocol (B-16), and equipment from Amaxa.The DNA nucleofected (transfected into the nucleus) was a bacterialartificial chromosome (BAC) containing the SOX10 gene with an insertedGFP, obtained from Gene Expression Nervous System Atlas [GENSAT](accession number: GENSAT1-BX1086). The BAC was then modified to includea neomycin resistance gene for selection (see Tomishima. et al. Stemcells 25(1):39-45. Epub 2006 Sep. 21 (2007, herein incorporated byreference) using cre/LoxP recombination from a selection cassetteexcised from the pL452 plasmid into the GENSAT BAC. After gene deliveryhESCs were seeded as single cells in the presence of G418 for neomycinresistance selection and clones were manually picked and screened forthe presence of GFP upon differentiation. GFP cells were sorted toconfirm the expression of SOX10 and other neural crest markers byqRT-PCR.

GFP expression was measured by FACS identification and sorting ofSOX10::GFP+ cells at 4, 8, 12, and 16 days after initiatingdifferentiation with LSB when two additional duplicate samples werecontacted each with one of LSB then CHIR99021 (LSB/C) or LSB with 3i.

When CHIR99021 was present greater than 70% of these treated cells inculture became SOX10::GFP+ by day 12 of dilferentiation for the cultureconditions (70% for LSB/C and 80% for LSB3i; FIGS. 5D and E). Thisresult indicated that the majority of cells develop a neural crestidentity, supporting the inventors' observation that CHIR99021 wasrequired for the generation of LSB3i nociceptor cells. Thus combinedinhibition by these small molecules which inhibited tyrosine receptorkinase receptors and Notch signaling, in addition to contacting SU5402and DAPT, respectively, accelerated neural crest cell fate, since LSB3itreated cells acquired a neural crest fate more rapidly in comparison toLSB/C treated hPSCs (FIGS. 5D and E). The inventors contemplated thatCHIR induced neural crest and sensory neurons while SU acceleratedneural crest marker expression and neuronal differentiation. Finally,the inventors contemplated that DAPT in combination with CHIR and SUaccelerated neuronal differentiation. Further, the use of CHIR99021 incombination with LSB, i.e. LSB/C resulted in a slower conversion rate ofover 60% of Nestin−TUJ1+ neuronal cells compared to LSB3i between days12 and 16 when using the engineered SOX::GFP cells as a read-out.

Example X NTRK1+ Human Nociceptor Cells Produced by Methods DescribedHerein Showed Gene Expression Consistent with Peptidergic Cells andElectrophysiology Responses Similar to Rat Nociceptor Cells In Situ

The following example describes using exemplary methods of the presentinventions for determining the functional capability of nociceptor cellsproduced by methods described herein.

LSB3i treated cells were examined for function, maturation stages, andbehaviors in order to confirm that LSB3i derived neurons were bona fidenociceptor neuronal cells. After LSB3i treatment of pluripotent stemcells resulted in nociceptor cells were obtained long term cultures wereestablished from a plating density of 10-100,000 cells/cm² and passagedDay 10, 30 days in culture in N2 medium supplemented with human-betaNGF, BDNF, and GDNF (see, Example I for additional details). Survivalrate of these cells under longer-term culture conditions was found to beNGF dependent compatible with NTRK1+ nociceptor status. LSB3inociceptors expressed high levels of TUJ1, ISL1, BRN3A (FIG. 7A-C) asshown previously, in addition to glutamate (FIG. 7C). Glutamateproduction was consistent with an excitatory glutamatergic neuron, i.e.a nociceptive afferent fiber that releases glutamate, and the capsaicinreceptor TRPV1 (FIG. 7D), an important ion channel for noxious stimulus.On day 15 in culture two distinct growth processes could be identifiedfor each neuron (FIG. 7E, FIG. 12).

The dendrite marker MAP2 was expressed primarily in one of the twoprocesses in a polarized fashion (FIG. 7F). The bipolar nature of theneurons was in agreement with the role of sensory neuron in theperipheral ganglia with the cell body is located in the dorsal rootganglion projecting processes both towards the spinal cord and towardsthe periphery (Woolf, et al., Neuron 55, 353-364, (2007); George, etal., Nat Neurosci 10, 1287-1293, (2007), herein incorporated byreference).

In the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurons were culturedlong-term (for example, cells passaged day 10 and cultured up to day30). LSB was withdrawn on day 5, 3i withdrawn from cells on day 10 whenNGF/GDNF/BDNF were added into medium. The neurons were fed NGF/GDNF/BDNFfrom day 10 up to day 30. On Day 30, the number of days from initial LSBtreatment, the neurons was observed to have started to self-organizeinto ganglia-like structures. This type of morphology is common toperipheral sensory neurons (Marmigere, et al., Nat Rev Neurosci 8,114-127, (2007), herein incorporated by reference) (FIGS. 7G, H, and I).

Mature nociceptors are typically either peptidergic or non-peptidergicdepending on expression of neuropeptides, such as calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) and Substance P (a neuropeptide) expressed bypeptidergic sensory neurons, (Woolf, et al., Neuron 55, 353-364, (2007),herein incorporated by reference). In contrast, non-peptidergic neuronsdo not express CORP nor Substance P and have other markers such asbinding to the lectin IB₄.

Therefore, LSB3i induced neurons were sorted for NTRK1 expression (seemethods described above), using FACs, into NTRK1− and NTRK1− populations(for example of a sorted cell, see, FIG. 7G. NTRK1+ cells were positivefor both Substance P and CGRP indicating primarily a peptidergicnociceptors phenotype (FIGS. 7H and I; day 30 of differentiation).

A primary functional hallmark of sensory neuron identity (i.e. function)is their electrophysiological signature (Fang, et al., J Physiol 565,927-943, (2005), herein incorporated by reference). NTRK1+ sortedneurons were also tested by standard electrophysiology techniques forcultured neurons (Placantonakis, et al. Stem Cells. 2009, FIG. 5 has anexample, herein incorporated in its entirety)

NTRK1+ cells exhibited a characteristic single action potential (AP),electrophysiological signature, firing pattern with an average membraneresting potential of 67±4 mV by day 21 after initial LSB3i treatment.The resulting AP timing and shape of action curve in LSB33i humanneurons are shown in FIG. 7J, see thick red line) and Table 1 below.These results were similar to those described previously inelectrophysiological reports of primary anaesthetized adult ratnociceptors (Fang, et al., J Physiol 565, 927-943, (2005), hereinincorporated by reference).

TABLE 1 Electrophysiology of human LSB3i Cultured Cells compared to ratnociceptive and non-nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurones in vivo.LSB3i Nociceptor Mechanoreceptor Action Potential Cells Cells* Cells*Duration at base 9.5 6 2 (milli-second; ms) Rise time 3.8 2 0.8(milli-second; ms) Fall Time, Tussman 5.8 3.5 1 and Misc. (milli-second;ms) Overshoot 29 22.5 5 (milli -volt; mV) 80% Recovery 15.1 21 5(milli-second; ms) *Fang, et al., J Physiol 565.3: 927-943 (2005)

Example XI Gene Expression of Cells Produced by Compositions and MethodsDescribed Herein

The following example describes using exemplary methods for determiningglobal gene expression of nociceptor cells and other cells typesproduced by methods described herein.

Global gene expression analysis was performed at fine temporalresolution (days 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 15, NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) accession number GSE26867; for both LSB and LSB3i treated hPSCs tofurther characterize the timing of events (i.e. marker expression)during the induced differentiation process. When select markers forneuroectoderm, neural crest, neurons, and nociceptors were analyzed (seeTable 2 below), distinct phases of differentiation for each could beobserved (FIG. 10).

TABLE 2 Gene expression assigned to specific phases of differentiationduring directed differentiation after contact with LSB-3i. See also,FIG. 10A. Phases of Differentiation Genes Expressed Neurectoderm PAX6,OTX2, DLK1, DKK1, CUZD1 Neural Crest SOX10, MSX1, ID2, AP2B, ETS1, FOXD3Neuron NGN1, DCX, TUBB3, SYT4, STMN2, INA, GAP43, ISL1, POU4F1Nociceptor TAC1, VGLUT2, SLC15A3

This gene expression analysis (FIG. 10B,C and Table 2 above) wasconsistent with the majority of immunofluorescence results. For example,gene analysis showed that in maturing neurons, ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A),SOX10, TAC1 (pro-peptide to Substance P), NTRK1, and the glutamatevesicular transporter VGLUT2 genes were all upregulated (i.e. the numberof cells in culture increased the expression of these markers overtime). Concurrently while these markers were observed to be increased oninduced cells, markers for hESC-derived primitive neuroectoderm wereobserved to be downregulated (i.e. expressed on fewer cells in culture),in particular DLK1, LHX2, OTX2, LEFTY2, PAX6, and HES5.

However, expression of somatostatin (SST) and SOX10 was found at day 15in LSB3i treated cell cultures, which is expected to be expressed inmature nociceptors. However, SST was also shown expressed in developingsensory neurons. Therefore, the inventors contemplated that this markerwas indicating the presence of immature cells at day 15. Though somewhatdown-regulated, SOX10 expression was also observed at a time when mostcells appeared to be neurons. This finding was unexpected since SOX10was expected to be downregulated as the cells differentiate intoneurons. This unexpected discovery of SST and SOX10 expression in cellsof day 15 cultures was contemplated as not all of the become nociceptorscells, approximately 20-30%. This indicated that other mature cell types(such as Schwann cells) continue to express SOX10.

hESC-derived primitive neuroectoderm cell cultures produced by dual SMADinhibition in Chambers, et al., Nat Biotechnol 27, (2009); Fasano, etal., Cell Stem Cell 6, 336-347, (2010), each of which are hereinincorporated by reference), demonstrated high expression of DLK1, LHX2,OTX2, LEFTY2, PAX6, and HES5 genes. Likewise, similar high expressionfor these genes was observed when hESC-derived primitive neuroectodermcell cultures were produced by dual SMAD) inhibition using LSB (see FIG.10B,C and Table 3 below). These genes were reduced during LSB3itreatment while producing nociceptors during the development of thepresent inventions.

TABLE 3 Timing of gene expression during directed differentiation withLSB-3i compared to LSB. LSB-3i Differentiation compared to LSB controlGenes upregulated Genes downregulated Day 7 ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1SOX10, NTRK1, and the glutamate vesicular transporter VGLUT2 Day 9 ISL1,POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1 and PAX6 SOX10, NTRK1, and the glutamate vesiculartransporter VGLUT2 Day 15 ISL1, POU4F1 (BRN3A), DLK1, LHX2, SOX10, TAC1(pro-peptide to OTX2, LEFTY2, Substance P), and the glutamate PAX6, andHES5 vesicular transporter VGLUT2

In addition, the temporal transcriptome analysis provided furtherevidence for nociceptor intermediate cell fates, distinct frommechanoceptor cells and proprioceptor cells. The neurogenin basichelix-loop-helix proteins mediate two sequential waves of neurogenesisin the dorsal root ganglia during mouse development (Marmigere, et al.,Nat Rev Neurosci 8, 114-127, (2007); Ma, et al., Genes Dev 13, 1717-1728(1999), herein incorporated by reference). The first wave, marked byNEUROG2 (Neurogenin-2) gives rise to mechanoceptor cells andproprioceptor cells, and the second marked by NEUROG1 (Neurogenin-1)gives rise to nociceptor cells. When hPSCs are treated with LSB, NEUROG2expression is strongly induced by day 7 (FIG. 10C and Table 4 below). Incontrast, hPSCs treated with LSB3i show a less pronounced induction ofNEUROG2 by day 7 but selective induction of NEUROG1 by day 9 (FIG. 10C).

TABLE 4 Timing of gene expression during directed differentiation withLSB-3i compared to LSB. neurogenin basic helix-loop-helix genesexpressed in treated hPSCs Day 7 Day 9 LSB-3i No difference in NEUROG1NEUROG1 induction compared to LSB control cells No change in % of cellsNo change in % of cells expressing NEUROG2 expressing NEUROG2 LSBcontrol No difference in NEUROG1 No difference in NEUROG1 NEUROG2induction Downregulation of NEUROG2

Example XII Contemplated Large Scale Culture Using Compositions andMethods of the Present Inventions for Providing Exemplary NociceptorCells

The following contemplated description shows exemplary methods and usesfor large-scale production of nociceptor cells produced by methodsdescribed herein.

The scalable generation (i.e. methods contemplated to be successful forgenerating nociceptor cells from both cultures containing a relativelysmall number of cells, for example, 1.5×10⁴ cells/well of 48 well platessuch as described in Examples, supra), and contemplated 5×10³ cells/wellin 96 well plate, up to large batch cultures of hPSC derivednociceptors, (for example, 1×10⁷-1×10⁸ cells in batches of 18 15 cmdishes (approximately 5.5×10⁷ cells), using LSB3i. These methods arecontemplated to provide hPSC derived nociceptor cells for use in testingcompounds for use in basic biology studies and for drug discoveryapplicable to medical applications in humans and animals. In particular,the inventors' contemplate the use of compositions and methods of thepresent inventions for treatments to reduce acute and chronic pain inhumans and animals.

In particular, large batch cultures are contemplated wherein exemplary1×10⁸-1×10⁹ hPSC cells are grown in batch embryoid body cultures usingculture medium and exemplary compounds as described herein for providingexemplary nociceptor cells, for example, peptidergic nociceptor cells,in exemplary nonlimiting ranges of 7×10⁷-7×10⁸ (wherein a 70% efficiencyof nociceptor cell harvest is contemplated). Exemplary nociceptor cellsare contemplated to express genes (i.e. mRNA and protein) identifyingnociceptor cells, such as TAC1, VGLUT2, and SLC15A3. Exemplarynociceptor cells are contemplated to express identification markers,such as ISL1, BRN3A, RET, RUNX1, Substance P, CGRP, etc.

In summary, the inventors' contemplate using compositions and methods ofthe present inventions to provide novel platforms in basic biology anddrug discovery for the study and treatment of conditions associated withnociceptor cells, in particular pain, in humans and animals.

TABLE 5Primer pairs used for amplification and identification of gene expression by PCR.SEQ Tm Product ID NO: NANOG (C) (bp) Reference 03Forward CAGCTGTGTGTACTCAATGATAGATTTC 58    461 mRNA This study 04Reverse GGAGAATTTGGCTGGAACTGCATG 60   1840 genomic POU5F1 (OCT3/4) 05Forward CCTGAAGCAGAAGAGGATCACC 58    422 mRNA This study 06Reverse CATAGTCGCTGCTTGATCGC 57   1191 genomic POU5F1 (OCT3/4) (qPCR) 07Forward GAACCGAGTGAGAGGCAACCT 60     80 in exon This study 08Reverse GGGCGATGTGGCTGATCT 58 SOX2 09 Forward CAACATGATGGAGACGGAGC 57   377 in exon This study 10 Reverse GCAGCGTGTACTTATCCTTCTTC 57 GAPDH 11Forward AGCCACATCGCTCAGACACC 61    305 mRNA Joannides et al. 12Reverse GTACTCAGCGCCAGCATCG 59   2153 genomic (2006) Stem CellsGAPDH (qPCR) 13 Forward GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC 59     93 mRNA This study14 Reverse CGCCCCACTTGATTTTGG 55    222 genomic BMP4 15Forward CCAACACCGTGAGGAGCTTC 59    397 mRNA This study 16Reverse GTCCGAGTCTGATGGAGGTG 58   1360 genomic AFP 17Forward GTGCTTCCACCACTGCCAATAAC 60    283 mRNA This study 18Reverse GTTCATCTCCAGTGGGTTTCTCAA 59   2057 genomic BRACHYURY 19Forward GATCACCAGCCACTGCTTCC 59    161 mRNA This study 20Reverse CTCCGGGTTCCTCCATCATCT 59   1138 genomic PAX6 21Forward GGAGTGAATCAGCTCGGTGG 59    441 mRNA This study 22Reverse GGTCTGCCCGTTCAACATCC 59   2072 genomic NCAM1 23Forward GGGCACTTATCGCTGTGAGG 59    334 mRNA This study 24Reverse CTCGCCAGCCTTGTTCTCAG 59   1868 genomic SOX1 25Forward GCAAGATGGCCCAGGAGAAC 59    203 in exon This study 26Reverse CTTGTCCTTCTTGAGCAGCGT 59 SOX1 (qPCR) 27Forward GAGAACCCCAAGATGCACAA 56     70 in exon This study 28Reverse CCTCGGACATGACCTTCCA 57 BFI 29 Forward ACTCAGAACTCGCTGGGCAAC 60   226 in exon Yan et al. (2005) 30 Reverse CGTGGGGGAAAAAGTAACTGG 57Stem Cells HASH1 31 Forward CAAGTCAGCGCCCAAGCAAGTCAAG 64    384 in exonKodama et al. 32 Reverse GAGCCGGCCATGGAGTTCAAGTCGT 67 (2006) Immunol.Cell Biol. SIX3 33 Forward CACTCCCACACAAGTAGGCAAC 59    264 mRNAThis study 34 Reverse CATACATCACATTCCGAGTCGCTG 59   1921 genomic DACH135 Forward GGGCCAAAGTGGCTTCCTTC 60    363 mRNA This study 36Reverse CAGGAGACATGAGACCAGGGAC 60 184374 genomic EMX2 37Forward CGATATCTGGGTCATCGCTTCC 58    368 mRNA This study 38Reverse GAGGTCACGTCTATTTCCTCCG 58   4574 genomic GLI3 39Forward CAGCTCCACGACCACTGAA 58    318 mRNA Zhu et al. (2004) 40Reverse TCCATGGCAAACACCGTCC 59  74979 genomic Cancer Letters SHH 41Forward CCAATTACAACCCCGACATC 54    339 mRNA Li et al. (2005) 42Reverse CCGAGTTCTCTGCTTTCACC 56   8173 genomic Nature Biotech. NKX2.1 43Forward TACTGCAACGGCAACCTG 56    205 mRNA Zietlow et al. 44Reverse GCCATGTTCTTGCTCACGTC 58   1170 genomic (2005) J. Anatomy HOXA445 Forward CGCTCTCGAACCGCCTACAC 61    181 in exon This study 46Reverse GCAGTTTGTGGTCTTTCTTCCACT 59 HOXB4 47Forward CCCTGGATGCGCAAAGTTCAC 60    252 mRNA This study 48Reverse GGTGTTGGGCAACTTGTGGT 60   1094 genomic MAP2 49Forward GGCCCAAGCTAAAGTTGGTTCTC 60    255 mRNA This study 50Reverse GCAGTGACATCCTCAGCCAAAG 60    474 genomic SYT1 51Forward TCATCTGATGCAGAATGGTAAGAGG 58    199 mRNA This study 52Reverse GTAGCCCACAAAGACTTTGCC 58   4910 genomic PSD95 53Forward GGGAGAAGCAGCTCAACTCCAATCC 59    180 mRNA This study 54Reverse CCAGCAAGGCCTGGAAGAG 59    371 genomic GFAP 55Forward CCGCCACTTGCAGGAGTACCAG 63    324 mRNA This study 56Reverse TTCTGCTCGGGCCCCTCATGAG 65   4041 genomic

The following references are herein incorporated in their entirety:

-   Joannides A, et al. (2006) Automated mechanical passaging: A novel    and efficient method for human embryonic stem cell expansion. Stem    Cells 24:230-235-   Kodama H, et al. (2006) Neurogenic potential of progenitors derived    from human circulating CD14+ monocytes. Immunol Cell Biol    84:209-217.-   Li X J, et al. (2005) Specification of motoneurons from human    embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 23:215-221.-   Yan Y, et al. (2005) Directed differentiation of dopaminergic    neuronal subtypes from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells    23:781-790.-   Zhu Y, et al. (2004) Functional Smoothened is required for    expression of GLI3 in colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett    207:205-214.-   Zietlow R, et al. (2005) The survival of neural precursor cell    grafts is influenced by in vitro expansion. J Anat 207:227-240.

Example XIII Melanocytes are Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells:LSB-Melanocytes (LSB-MeI)

The following describes exemplary compositions and methods for providingmelanocytes for use in related disease modeling.

A Sox10::GFP Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) human embryonic stemcell (hESC) reporter line was generated that allowed monitoring ofneural crest cell induction in vitro as this cell line responds tocontact with small molecules. Sox10 was the most robust early marker ofmultipotent neural crest stem cells and was also found expressed in someneural crest derivatives, including melanocyte progenitors. Thisreporter system was used to prospectively identify and isolate neuralcrest populations in the development of a directed differentiationscheme in order to produce melanocyte cultures with higher purity andnumbers than obtained with previous maturation schemes (FIG. 14, LSB-C).

In a dual SMAD inhibition protocol (Chambers, et al. Nat. Biotech.(2009), herein incorporated by reference), human pluripotent stem cells(hPSCs) treated with two small molecules to inhibit SMAD signalingefficiently produced CNS neural tissues. Additionally when hESC wasplated at lower densities, low levels of spontaneous neural crest cellinduction was observed (for example, approximately 3% Sox10::GFP+ neuralcrest type cells were observed). However, for use in research and formedical studies, larger numbers of neural crest type cells were needed.Further, for melanocyte research, a purer population with larger numbersof cells were necessary that were not provided with the low levelspontaneous differentiation.

During the development of the present inventions the inventorsdiscovered methods to optimize the dual SMAD inhibition protocol forneural crest induction in a manner that would produce highly pure yieldsof melanocyte precursors, maturing melanocytes and mature melanocytes.

Specifically, the following time line of culturing conditions wasdeveloped that produced melanocytes of the present inventions: Feed onDay 0 and 1 with LDN and SB (using the same concentration ranges as LDNand SB in methods comprising 3i); Feed on Day 2 with LDN, SB, CHIR(using the same concentration ranges as LDN, SB, and CHIR in methodscomprising 3i as described herein); In one embodiment, Feed on Day 3with SB, CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as SB and CHIR inmethods comprising 3i as described herein), in another embodiment Feedon Day 3 with LDN, SB, CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as LDN,SB, and CHIR in methods comprising 3i as described herein); Feed on Day4 and 5 CHIR (using the same concentration ranges as CHIR in methodscomprising 3i as described herein); Feed on Day 6 to 11 CHIR. BMP4, andEDN3 (using the same concentration ranges as CHIR in methods comprising3i as described herein, see concentration ranges below for BMP4 andEDN3). On day 11 cells were passaged and fed with MEL media (includingCHIR) up to 8 weeks.

MEL media enriched for melanocytes such that by 8 weeks the cellcultures showed up to 100% of a pure population. Thus this LSB-MELmethod/protocol had a high efficiency of melanocyte production. Theinventors also discovered during the development of melanocytes thatLinoleic Acid was at least one required ingredient in the MEL medium(see, FIG. 16).

During the development of melanocytes, multiple precursor stages wereobserved in the following order: neural crest stein cell, embryonicglial-melanoblast stem cell, adult melanocyte stem cell, melanocyte,see, exemplary schematic in FIG. 13.

FIG. 13. Specification and isolation of melanocyteprogenitors/melanoblasts.

The 11-day LSB-C protocol supported the derivation of Sox10::GFP, MITFco-expressing melanocyte progenitors (A, right panel). MITF singlepositive populations was observed (A, left panel). c-Kit was identifiedas a potential marker of melanocyte progenitors. A low percentage ofSox10::GFP, c-kit co-expressing cells were observed after LSB-Cdifferentiation (B, orange population). qRT-PCR analysis confirmed theenrichment of melanocyte markers MITFM (a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucinezipper protein) and Det (Dopachrome tautomerase (dopachromedelta-isomerase, tyrosine-related protein 2)) in the double positivepopulation (C). Treatment with BMP4 and EDN3 (“LSB-Mel”) enhancedinduction of the Sox10::GFP, c-kit double positive putative melanocyteprogenitor population (D). Sox10::GFP, c-kit double positive cellsisolated following LSB-Mel treatment exhibited significantly higherlevels of melanocyte markers MITFM and Dct (E). Error bars represents.e.m. * p<0.05.

FIG. 14. Expansion and Maturation of Melanocyte Precursors.

Summary of differentiation conditions (A). Following specification inLSB-C conditions with BMP4 and EDN3 (LSB-Mcl) cells were sorted at day11 and replated. Post-sort (PS) cells were maintained in maturationmedia containing c-kit ligand (SCF), endothelin 3 (EDN3), fibroblastgrowth factor (FGF), and Wnt activators. Pigmented cells observed bybrightfield microscopy at day 6 PS were positive for the melanocytemarker MITF hut appeared to have downregulated the Sox10::GFP reporter(B). All populations except the Sox10::GFP, c-kit double negativeeventually gave rise to MITF expressing cells and macroscopic pigmentedclusters, but at differing rates (C). Treatment with BMP4 and cAMPenhanced the differentiation into pigmented cells exhibiting aspindle-like morphology typical of melanocytes (D).

FIG. 15. Characterization of Mature Melanocytes.

Pure populations of mature melanocytes derived with the LSB-Mel protocolmaintain the expression of common melanocyte markers including MITF,Sox10, Tyrp1 (Tyrosinase-related protein 1), and HMB45 after greaterthan 8 weeks in culture (A). Melanocytes retain their darkly pigmentedphenotype over several weeks in passage (B). 1×10⁶ cells were pelletedand photographed to assess pigmentation levels. Electron microscopicultrastructural characterization of mature melanocytes (C, D). Thepresence of numerous darkly pigmented melanosomes in the cytoplasm ofLSB-Mel derived melanocytes were observed by TEM (C). Note the presenceand progressive deposition of melanin pigment with the maturation ofmelanosome vesicles from stages I through IV (D).

Therefore, the inventors demonstrated that a dual SMAD inhibitionprotocol, LSB, rapidly and efficiently generated Sox10::GFP expressingneural crest populations from human embryonic stem cells. This modifiedprotocol supported the induction of low levels of melanocyteprogenitors, which were prospectively identified and isolated by c-kitexpression. Induction of these cells was further enhanced throughtreatment with BMP4 and EDN3. Melanocyte progenitors were subsequentlymatured to a pigmented state following additional culture in vitro inthe presence of BMP4 and cAMP.

Cell Medium for LSB-MEL: Mel-1 Media: NeuroBasal Invitrogen 21103049 50%DMEM Low Glucose Invitrogen 11885 30% MCDB201 Sigma M6770 20% B27Invitrogen 17504-044  2% ITS Sigma I314  1% Linoleic Acid-BSA SigmaL9530  1% L-glut Gibco 25030-164 250 nM Dexamethasone Sigma D2915 0.05uM Cholera Toxin Sigma C8052 50 ng/ml L-AA Sigma A5960 100 uM SCFPeprotech 300-07 50 ng/ml EDN3 American Peptide Company 100 nM 88-5-10BFGF2 R&D 233-FB-001MG/CF 4 ng/ml cAMP Sigma D-0260 500 uM BMP4 R&D314-bp 25 ng/ml Chir Stemgent 04-0004 3 uM Day 6-11: BMP4 R&D 314-bp 25ng/ml EDN3 American Peptide Company 100 nM 88-5-10B

Concentration ranges for BMP4 from R&D: used between 10 ng/ml to 100ng/ml (in one embodiment at 25 ng/ml), and EDN from American PeptideCompany is used at 25-300 nM (in one embodiment at 100 nM).

FIG. 16. Shows an exemplary LSB-MEL medium formulation that requiredLinoleic Acid for growth of melanocytes. Medium component shown abovemicroscopic views represent the medium component left out of theformulation; Ph-=phase contrast; BF=bright filed. An exemplary schematicshows melanocyte progenitor markers used for identifying cells of thepresent inventions.

Thus the inventors discovered and developed a rapid and defined protocolfor the induction of neural crest in vitro. Further, the inventors usedthis rapid and defined protocol for the induction of neural crest cellsin vitro for developing compositions and methods for directeddifferentiation of these cells into melanocytes. These melanocytes wereunique in their capability for long-term culture and continuousproduction of eumelanin.

All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification areherein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variationsof the described method and system of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit ofthe invention. Although the invention has been described in connectionwith specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that theinvention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specificembodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes forcarrying out the invention that are obvious to those skilled in cellularbiology, neurobiology, cancer cell biology, molecular biology,biochemistry, chemistry, organic synthesis, or related fields areintended to be within the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A kit comprising: a first inhibitor that iscapable of lowering transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Activin-Nodalsignaling; a second inhibitor that is capable of lowering Small MothersAgainst Decapentaplegic (SMAD) signaling; and a third inhibitor that iscapable of lowering glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) for activationof wingless (Wnt) signaling.
 2. The kit of claim 1, further comprisinginstructions for inducing in vitro directed differentiation of a stemcell into a differentiated neural crest lineage cell, a neural lineagecell, or a neuronal lineage cell, wherein the instructions comprisecontacting the cell with the first, second and third inhibitors, whereinthe initial contact of the cell with and the third inhibitor is no laterthan 4 days from the initial contact of the stem cell with the firstinhibitor.
 3. The kit of claim 1, further comprising an inhibitor thatis capable of lowering fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor familysignaling.
 4. The kit of claim 1, further comprising an inhibitor thatis capable of lowering Notch signaling.
 5. The kit of claim 1, furthercomprising a Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) molecule.
 6. The kit ofclaim 1, further comprising an Endothelin (EDN) molecule.
 7. A methodfor inducing in vitro directed differentiation of a stem cell to aneural crest lineage cell, a neural lineage cell, or a neuronal lineagecell, comprising contacting the stem cell with a first inhibitor that iscapable of lowering TGFβ/Activin-Nodal signaling, a second inhibitorthat that is capable of lowering SMAD signaling, and a third inhibitorthat is capable of lowering GSK3β for activation of Wnt signaling,wherein the contact of the cell with the third inhibitor is for at least11 days.
 8. The method of claim 7, comprising initially contacting thecell with the third inhibitor no later than 4 days from the initialcontact of the stem cell with the first inhibitor.
 9. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitor thatis capable of lowering FGF receptor family signaling.
 10. The method ofclaim 7, further comprising contacting the cell with an inhibitor thatis capable of lowering Notch signaling.
 11. The method of claim 7,further comprising contacting the cell with a BMP molecule.
 12. Themethod of claim 7, further comprising contacting the cell with an EDN.13. The method of claim 7, wherein the stem cell is a pluripotent stemcell.
 14. A method of screening a biological agent in vitro, comprising:a) contacting a nociceptor cell with a test compound, wherein thenociceptor cell is obtained by the method of claim 7; and b) measuringnociceptor function, which is a measurement of an action potential. 15.A cell population comprising in vitro differentiated cells obtained bythe method of claim
 7. 16. A composition comprising the cell populationof claim
 15. 17. A cell population comprising in vitro differentiatedcells, wherein at least about 10% of the cells express at least onemarker, wherein the at least one marker is selected from the groupconsisting of BRN3A (POU4F1), ISL1, NEUROG2, NEUROG1, NTRK1, RET, RUNX1,VGLUT2, TAC1, TRPV1, and SLC15A3.
 18. A composition comprising the cellpopulation of claim
 17. 19. A cell population comprising in vitrodifferentiated cells, wherein at least about 10% of the cells express atleast one marker, wherein the at least one marker is selected from thegroup consisting of SOX10, HMB45, c-kit, melanocyte transcription factor(MITF-M), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), anddopachrome-tautomerase (DCT) (tyrosinase related protein 2).
 20. Acomposition comprising the cell population of claim 19.